ショスタコーヴィチ交響曲13番、グレツキ交響曲第3番

第一楽章が同じテーマだと思うのだが、主題として共通の民謡か何かを使っているのだろうか。

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白川方明、日本銀行総裁

白川 方明「新たな金融環境の下での中央銀行の役割」2009年6月9日

International Monetary Conference(京都)における講演の邦訳

資産バブルと金融政策の問題に関しては、しばしば、「金融政策は、資産価格の行き過ぎた上昇に対応すべきか否か」といった単純な形で議論が行われます。しかし、私は、このような問いの設定自体が、金融政策運営に関する議論を混乱させているように思っています。どの中央銀行も、金融政策だけでバブルを防止できるとか、防止すべきであるとは考えていません。中央銀行にとってより現実的な問題設定は、「資産価格の上昇、信用量とレバレッジの拡大、経済活動の過熱といった、金融引締めの必要性を示唆するような明らかな現象が見られる一方で、一般物価だけは安定しているという情勢に直面したとき、金融政策をどのように運営すべきか」ということだと思います。



2009年5月13日 金融危機の予防に向けて:金融市場、金融機関、中央銀行の連関 ── ロンドン証券取引所における講演の邦訳 ──

システム全体のリスク評価

第1の視点は、システム全体としてのリスク評価です。まず、金融システムの総合的なリスクはマクロの観点から評価する必要があります。金融システムやひいては経済全体のリスクは、個別金融機関のリスクを単純に足し合わせたものではないからです。

過剰が積み上がっている間、金融機関の経営陣は金融市場間の連関や、実体経済と金融市場の相互作用を充分に認識していませんでした。当局は、金融システムの安定にとって重要なシステム全体の分析を行うというよりも、個別金融機関に対する規制・監督に目を向けがちでした。

システム全体のリスクは2つの軸で評価する必要があります3。1つは、個々の商品やリスク、金融機関の違いを超えた、ある一時点における横断的な評価です。様々な種類のリスクがどう分散あるいは集中しているか、それらのリスクが市場でどう相互に作用しているかという点を評価する必要があります。2つ目は、時間の経過に伴うリスクのダイナミックな変化の検証です。これがいわゆる「プロシクリカリティ」の問題ですが、この点は後で触れたいと思います。良好な経済市場環境の下では問題とならないようなリスク量も、ストレス時には急激に増加することがあります。したがって、マクロ経済環境に応じて変化するリスクについては、慎重な検証が必要です。こうした評価作業は容易ではありませんが、現在のグローバル化し、変化の早い金融システムの状況のもとでは、不可欠です。

プロシクリカリティの緩和2番目の視点は、プロシクリカリティ、すなわち、金融と実体経済の間の相互作用に関するものです。金融機関がビジネス上の意思決定を行う際、システム全体へ与える影響を考慮するかと言えば、自然体ではおそらく無理だと思います。金融機関は激しい競争圧力にさらされています。そもそもプロシクリカリティは人間の本質を反映したもので、短期的な収益を重視する報酬スキームなどによって増幅されることもあります。

マクロ経済や金融環境も、プロシクリカルな行動に影響を与えます。2000年初以降、低インフレの下での金利低下を受けて、銀行を始めとする市場参加者は、当初、長期資産の保有を増やすことでデュレーション・リスクを増加させました。その後は、投資対象商品を拡大することにより、より積極的に信用リスクを取りました。さらに、収益増加に対する圧力が強まる中、今度はレバレッジを高めました。これがいわゆる「search for yield(利回りの追求)」ですが、市場における競争圧力を考えると、こうした個々の市場参加者の行動自体は極めて合理的なものです。個々のリスクについての個別金融機関の管理は適切に見えたかもしれませんが、システム全体でみるとリスクが積み上がっていきました。それでは、プロシクリカルな行動を通じたリスクの積み上がりを避けるためには何が必要でしょうか。

先ず、適切なインセンティブ構造が規制や市場慣行に盛り込まれる必要があります。たとえば、金融機関のリスク特性と経営陣の報酬体系の計測期間が整合的である必要があります。金融安定化フォーラムが先月公表した「健全な報酬慣行に関する原則4」は、この点を強調していますし、こうした視点は会計やディスクロージャーに関しても重要です。

インセンティブの問題は、ミクロレベルだけでなくマクロレベルでも重要です。経済主体の行動は、経済や市場全体の状況に大きく影響されます。ライバル企業が低金利環境下で新たな戦略を通じて超過リターンを上げているとき、企業のインセンティブは明白です。今や有名となった発言のとおり、「音楽に合わせて誰もが踊っているとき、パーティーに参加しないことは難しい」のです。だからこそ、プロシクリカリティを緩和するような政策が不可欠になってきます。


2009年5月1日 日本銀行 総裁記者会見要旨―― 2009年4月30日(木)午後3時半から約45分

(問) 銀行券ルールについて改めてお尋ねします。ルールがない場合には、日銀の資産の大宗が究極的には長期国債になってしまい、オペレーションが窮屈になり、長期金利・短期金利の撹乱要因になるという技術的な問題があります。さらに、国債市場における規律が無くなり、国債の格付けの低下を通じた日銀の資産の劣化、ひいては中銀や通貨の信認の低下につながります。こういった事態を懸念しているため、銀行券ルールは必要であるという理解でよろしいのでしょうか。

(答) 繰り返しになってしまい恐縮ですが、教科書的な説明をもう1度致します。そもそも日本銀行が長期国債を買入れているのは、物価安定を通じて持続的な成長を実現していくという金融政策の目的を達成するために、資金供給オペレーションを行っているからです。例えば共通担保資金供給オペのような相対的に短い期間の資金供給オペと、長期国債による資金供給オペの両方を使って金融調節を行っているのが現在の姿です。その際銀行券という長期安定的な負債に見合った資金を供給するために、長期の安定的なオペレーション手段として国債を買入れることが、円滑な資金供給につながります。要は、長期国債の買入れは金融政策運営のために行うものであり、それはつまり物価安定を通じた経済の持続的な成長の実現のために行っているものです。そうした観点から、どの程度のオペレーションの金額が良いかということを判断し、現在の数字になっているわけです。仮に、長期国債の買入れを、金融政策上の目的から離れて、例えば専ら財政のファイナンスを目的として行うこととした場合、あるいはそうした目的であると市場に受け止められた場合、金融政策運営に対する信認が失われることになるため、結局長期国債の金利それ自体にも悪影響が出てくると思います。「ルール」という言葉が良いのかわかりませんが、長期国債の買入れを行っているのは適切に金融政策を運営していくうえで必要だからであり、これまで何度も申し上げていますが、以上の点に尽きます。

2009年4月8日 日本銀行 総裁記者会見要旨―― 2009年4月7日(火) 午後3時半から約50分


(問) 前回のFRBの発表は大量に中長期債を買うというものでしたが、これは、銀行券ルールを超えるくらい買うという宣言だったのではないでしょうか。

(答) FRBにおいても現時点で銀行券を超えて購入しているわけではありません。既に持っている国債に今回買入れる国債を含めても、銀行券の範囲内に収まっています。彼ら自身が銀行券ルールと言っているわけではありませんが、ご質問が現在どのようなバランスになっているのかということであれば、銀行券を超えていないということです。

中央銀行の政策を議論する際には、バランスシートに則して考えなければなりません。つまり、何らかの資産を買うにはそれに対応する負債が必ずなければならないということです。中央銀行の負債は圧倒的に銀行券であり、無利子である銀行券を国民の皆さんが保有することによって、中央銀行はそれに見合う分だけ国債を買えるのです。それを超えて資産を持つためには、それに対応する負債がなければなりません。例えば、日本の量的緩和の時のように、金融システム不安が非常に高く、その結果、金融機関が当座預金を無利子でもたくさん持っているという状況では、それに見合って国債を多く持つということは理屈のうえでは有り得ると思います。そのような状況でなければ、銀行券を上回って国債を保有するという状態というのは、中央銀行自身が自ら金利を払って債券を発行し、それに見合う分だけ国債を買うという形でしかバランスシートは成り立たないのです。つまり、政府が国債を発行し難い時に中央銀行のような公的セクターが債券を発行すれば、それに見合う分だけ国債を買えるという議論です。以上のように、中央銀行のバランスシートに即してどのような状況を意味しているのかを考える必要があります。所謂銀行券ルールは、日本銀行が勝手に設けたものではなく、こうしたメカニズムを踏まえたものと言えると思います。


2009年2月4日 日本銀行 総裁記者会見要旨―― 2009年2月3日(火)午後2時半から約30分

(問) 先ほど総裁は「通貨としての信認」に言及され、今までの決定会合の記者会見でも同じことを述べていたかと思います。それに通ずることですが、一部の政治家の中で、政府保証の紙幣を発行したらどうかということをいっている方がおられますが、中央銀行としてこのような議論があることについてどのようにお考えでしょうか。

(答) ご質問はいわゆる「政府紙幣」についてかと思います。「政府紙幣」の発行は、その仕組みの如何によって、実質的には将来の返済が必要な資金調達である「国債の市中発行」と同じとなるか、あるいは、通貨の信認を損なうなど大きな弊害を伴う「無利息永久国債の日銀引受け」と同じとなるか、そのいずれかになるものと考えられます。

もう少し詳しく説明します。まず、「政府紙幣」が現在の貨幣、コインと同様の仕組みで発行されるというケースを仮定して考えてみますと、次のようなことになります。現在の貨幣、コインは市中から日本銀行に還流してきた段階で、政府においてこれを回収するための財源が必要となるという点で、「政府紙幣」もこれと同じ仕組みになります。従って、「政府紙幣」の発行は、「政府紙幣」が日本銀行に戻ってきた段階で結局は資金調達が必要になるという意味で、これは国債の発行と具体的に変わりはないと思います。

他方、「政府紙幣」が市中から日本銀行に還流してきたときにも、仮に政府がこれを回収せず、日本銀行に保有させ続けるという形で「政府紙幣」が発行されるというケースを仮想的に考えてみますと、この場合、確かに政府は回収のための財源を必要としないことになります。しかし、この仕組みは、日本銀行に無利息かつ償還期限のない政府の債務を保有させる点で、「無利息の永久国債を日本銀行に引受けさせる」ことに等しく、大きな弊害が生じます。

この弊害の中身、意味合いについてですが、日本銀行券の裏付けとなる日本銀行の資産として、無利息かつ転売不能な資産を保有することとなり、円滑な金融調節が阻害されたり、日本銀行の財務の健全性が損なわれたりすることへの懸念を通じて、通貨に対する信認が害されるおそれがあります。また、政府が、日本銀行による国債の直接引受けと同じ仕組みにより恒久的な資金調達を行うことが、国の債務返済に係る能力や意思に対する市場の疑念を惹起し、長期金利の上昇を招くおそれもあると考えられます。

「政府紙幣」の発行については、政府が判断される事項でありますが、以上申し上げた点などを踏まえますと、非常に慎重な考慮を要すると考えられます。


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Exodus 20:2–17

3 Do not have any other gods before me.

4 You shall not make for yourself an idol, whether in the form of anything that is in heaven above, or that is on the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.

5 You shall not bow down to them or worship them; for I the Lord your God am a jealous God, punishing children for the iniquity of parents, to the third and the fourth generation of those who reject me,

6 but showing steadfast love to the thousandth generation of those who love me and keep my commandments.

7 You shall not make wrongful use of the name of the Lord your God, for the Lord will not acquit anyone who misuses his name.

8 Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.

9 For six days you shall labour and do all your work.

10 But the seventh day is a Sabbath to the Lord your God; you shall not do any work―you, your son or your daughter, your male or female slave, your livestock, or the alien resident in your towns.

11 For in six days the Lord made heaven and earth, the sea, and all that is in them, but rested the seventh day; therefore the Lord blessed the Sabbath day and consecrated it.

12 Honor your father and your mother, so that your days may be long in the land that the Lord your God is giving you.

13 You shall not kill

14 You shall not commit adultery.

15 You shall not steal.

16 You shall not bear false witness against your neighbour.

17 You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or male or female slave, or ox, or donkey, or anything that belongs to your neighbour.

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ニーチェ

「たった一瞬でもいい、魂がその底から打ち震える至高の瞬間が体験できたなら、他の一切がただ無意味に繰り返されるのだとしても、人生のすべてを肯定できるはずだ。」
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Dance Dance Dance, Haruki Murakami

"Dance," said the Seep Man. "Yougottadance. aslongasthemusicplays. Yougotta dance. Don'teventhinkwhy. Starttothink, yourfeetstop. Yourfeetstop, wegetstuck. Wegetstuck, you'restuck. Sodon'tpayanymind, nomatterhowdumb. Yougottakeepthestep. Yougottalimberup. Yougottaloosenwhattired, tireddandscared. Happenstoeveryone, okay? Justdon'tletyourfeetstop."
Dance. As long as the music plays, echoed my mind.

"Dance," said the Seep Man. "You gotta adance. As long as the music plays. You gotta dance. Don't even think why. Start to thiink, your feet stop. Your feet stop, we get stuck. We get stuck, youre stuck. So don't pay any mind, no matter how dumb. You gotta keep the step. You gotta limber up. You gotta loosen what tired, tired and scared. Happens to every one, okay? Just don't let your feet stop."

"Dance," he said. "It'stheonlyway. Wishwecouldexplainthingsbetter. Butwetoldyouallwecould. Dance. Don'tthink. Dance. Danceyourbest, likeyourlifedependedonit. Yougottadance."

"Dance," he said. "It's the only way. Wish we could explain things better. But we told you all we could. Dance. Don't think. Dance. Dance your best, like your life depend on it. You gotta dance."
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マクベス、シェイクスピア、木下順二訳、1997、2007

[*116]できる限りの元気を出そう。長い夜にも必ず夜明けは来る。

[*130]マクベス 何れは死ぬのだ、ただもう少し後にしておいてやりたかった、こういう知らせにふさわしいときも何れはきただろうに。--
明日、また明日、また明日と、小刻みに一日一日が過ぎ去って行き、定められたときの最後の一行にたどりつく。昨日という日々はいつも馬鹿者どもに塵泥(ちりひじ)の死への道を照らしてきただけだ。消えろ、消えろ、つかぬ間の灯火![*131]人生はただ影法師の歩みだ。哀れな役者が短い持ち時間を舞台の上で派手に動いて声張り上げて、後は誰一人知るものもない。それは白痴が語るただ一場の物語だ。あふれかえる雄叫びと狂乱、だが何の意味もありはせん。
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十二夜、シェイクスピア、小津次郎訳、岩波文庫、1960、2007

[*168] もっとも、「人違い」のテーマは喜劇と悲劇とを問わず、シェイクスピア劇に共通の主題であるとも言えるだろう。強いて言えば、肉体的な人違いが悲劇を作り、精神的な人違いが悲劇の要因となっている。その人物の素性を正しく認識する認知の場面(recognition scene)が、喜劇ではそのままめでたい解決となり、相手の実態を、あるいはシチュエーションの実装を認識することが、悲劇においては死につながるのである。現象と真実の落差を、あるいは喜劇的ヴィジョンをもって、あるいは悲劇的ヴィジョンを持って描いたのが、シェイクスピアの劇であろう。


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ロバート・S・マクナマラ、マクナマラ回顧録、1995、共同通信社、仲晃訳、1997

[*54]インドシナが共産主義の手に落ちれば、アメリカの安全を脅かすというトルーマン政権の見解を、後継のアイゼンハワー政権も受け入れていたことを私は承知していました。アイゼンハワー政権は、インドシナに米軍の兵力を投入するのは乗り気ではないように見えましたが、同地に共産主義の脅威が迫っていると明確な言葉で頻繁に警告していました。アイゼンハワー大統領は一九四五年四月、もしもインドシナが(共産主義の手に)落ちれば、東南アジアの残りの部分も、「ドミノの列のように」「すぐさま倒れてしまう」だろうとの有名な予言をしています。そして「こうした損失の結果は、自由世界にとって計り知れないものになる可能性がある」と付け加えたのでした。[FN3]

FN3 PUblic Papers, Dweight D. Eisenhauer, 1954 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), pp. 382-384.

[*95]この危機の最中に、ケネディ大統領がどう考えていたかをさらに明るみに出したのはNBCテレビの[*96]イブニング・ニュースのアンカーマン、チェット・ハントリーとデービット・ブリンクリーに対する九月九日のインタビューでした。

「大統領」とブリンクリーが尋ねました。「南ベトナムが崩壊すれば、残りの東南アジアもこれに続くだろうという、いわゆる『ドミノ理論』を疑う理由をもたれたことはありますか?」。アイゼンハワーの警告を思い出したのでしょう、大統領は答えました。「いいや、私はそれを信じているよ・・・。中国はあまりにも巨大で、国境の向こう側に高くそそり立つ存在なので、もしも南ベトナムが倒れたら、マラヤ(現在のマレーシア)にゲリラ攻撃をかけるための中国の物理的な立場をよりよくするだけではなく、東南アジアでの将来の波は中国であり、共産主義者であるという印象を与えることになる。だから、私はそれ(ドミノ理論)を信用するのさ」[FN19]

FN19 Public Papers, John F. Kennedy, 1963, p. 659.

[*151] 大統領はディーン、マック、それに私に反応を聞いてきました[FN12]。...私は当時アメリカの文官および軍部の首脳陣の間でもたれていた一般通念に基づき、次のように述べました。
[*152] (もしも南ベトナムが共産化すれば)東南アジアではラオスがまず間違いなく北ベトナムの支配下に入ります。カンボジアは中立の外観をとるかもしれませんが、事実上共産中国の支配を受け入れるでしょう。タイは非常に不安定になるでしょうし、今ですらインドネシアに包囲されているマレシーアも同じdす。ビルマでさえものこの情勢を、東南アジア全域が今や完全に共産主義に順応せざるをえなくなった明白な証拠と見ることでしょう。...[FN13]
[*153]しかしわれわれは、どの程度の米軍兵力が最終的に必要となるのか、成功のチャンスはどの程度あるのか、もしやるとすれば、政治的、軍事的、それに人員の面で残すとはどれくらいになるのか、といったことを最新に議論したことは一度もありませんでした。実際のところ、こうした基本的な問題は検討されないままだったのです。
われわれは、滑りやすい悲劇的な急斜面をいま滑り落ち始めていました

FN12 一九六四年一月六日付、マイク・マンスフィールド上院議員から大統領への覚書、FRUS, 1964-1968, vol. 1, pp. 2-3; ならびに一九六四年一月九日付、安全保障問題担当特別補佐官から大統領宛の覚書、同pp.8-9を参照。

FN13 一九六四年一月七日付、大統領へのメモ、同pp. 12-13

pp.174-176にも類似の記述あり。


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退廃と希望

「社会の絶望や退廃を描くことは、今や非常に簡単だ。ありとあらゆる場所に、絶望と退廃とがあふれかえっている。...近代化が終焉して久しい現代に、そんな手法とテーマの小説はもう必要ではない。」二〇〇三年にアラスカで、村上龍は自身の短編小説「空港にて」の後書きにこのように書いた。

一九七八年生まれの私が村上龍の存在に気づいたのは高校生に入ってからで、その時に既に初期三部作はもとより、それに続く彼の暴力と退廃を描いた作品は世に出ていた。多感な高校生時代に私が出した結論は、二〇〇三年の村上龍と同じだった。限りなく透明に近いブルーから始まり、村上龍が先導した運動は、一九九七年の時点で既に陳腐化していた。技術がそうであるように、ルネサンス以降、人間が人間の本質を追い求めてきた運動は、明治末から日本文学に輸入され、それが村上龍によって葬り去られた(例えば、イビサのラストシーンがそれを象徴している)。退廃は程度の差が多少存在するだけで、人間の本質を前進させる効用を持たない。誰もが本質的には退廃的で、それに同意し、それをかいま見るために文学の力を借りるだろう。著者は発行部数を自分の名声と重ね合わせ、それが時代に受け入れられたのだと感じるのだろう。ただ、結局のところ、文学の形態を用いずとも人間は元来退廃的で、そこに多くの意味を見出すことは本質的には意味がないのだ。意味を見出しているということはなく、単に意味を付与しているだけなのだ。苦労して作り上げるよりは奪う方が簡単だ。パスカルのパンセ二九五にある「295 僕のもの、君のもの。『この犬は僕のだ』とあの坊やたちが言っていた。『これは僕の日向ぼっこの場所だ』ここに全地上の横領の始まりと、縮図とがある。」から私たちはいつまでも抜け出すことができない。大人になったところで、それが核兵器と国土に変わるだけだ。

退廃的になり続けたあげく、人間は自殺を試みる。何よりも退廃的な物語を読んでもどこにもたどり着くことがない。首を吊る勇気がある人間はその試みに成功し、それ以外の方法を試した人間は大体一度や二度失敗することになる。退廃を見続け、もっとも退廃的な人間を見続け、もっとも退廃的な行動を試みる。バタイユのエロティシズムそのままに。

そして、そのときの私は二〇〇三年の村上龍と同じように希望を描くことがこれからの文学の使命になるのだと結論づけた。時代に応じて暴力と退廃が変わったように、希望も今後時代によってその形態を変えるだろう。

december 29, 2007
bgm: ludwig van beethoven, op. 125


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Matthew 9:9

Matthew 9:9

「9:9 イエスはそこから進んで行くと,マタイと呼ばれる人が収税所に座っているのを見て,「わたしに従いなさい」と彼に言った。彼は立ち上がって,イエスに従った。」

Matthew 9:9

"9:9 As Jesus passed by from there, he saw a man called Matthew sitting at the tax collection office. He said to him, “Follow me.” He got up and followed him."

caravaggioの作品はこれを劇的に描いたもの。光の使い方でいえば、cはvermeerと等しく、個人的趣味でいえば勝っている。

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ブルドッグと理論

isologueのarticleに関して、漠然と以下のとおり考えました。判決文もまだ読んでいないので、後で誤りを修正する必要があると思っています。

1. ECMHと裁定取引の可能性の不存在が妥当するとして、希釈化後の株価は希釈化の度合いから算定できる。isologue指摘のとおり、「株式分割バブルのときと同じ現象」(isologue)が起きる可能性はある。

2. 「差し止めが発生して、希薄化が発生しない可能性のプレミアム(リスク)」(isologue)は当時存在していたが、その後このリスクは解消された。この情報が株価に折りこまれた時点の株価をチェックすることにより、上記が正しいかが確認できるはず。米国のempirical studyでは、情報が市場に織り込まれるまでの時間は約1分で2分かからない。

3. 上記、希釈化後の株価から算定される新株予約権の価値で特定株主の新株予約権を償却する場合、経済的損失を与えないので、所謂poison pillと同等では語ることができない。

4. 上記、希釈化後の株価から算定される新株予約権の価値以上で特定株主の新株予約権を償却する場合、特定株主への利益供与に等しい。この場合、green mailと違い、stand still agreementが会社と特定株主の間でないから、特定株主への利益供与によって株主価値は減少し、その低くなった株価で特定株主が買い増しできる(無論、新株予約権が償却されたことによる現金を用いる)ことにより、買収防衛策としての価値は見出すことができない。

5. 株主総会での投票に関しては、game theory等でなんらのbiasが存在していないかを考える必要がある(今のところ見当たらない)。

投票率が高かったのはarbsの影響か、それとも野村が株主に働きかけたからか。上記では現金交付時期等の時間に関する問題は取り扱っていない。これは特に訴訟が起きて長引く場合には予測が難しい。そのリスク自体、株主としては損失であると考えるが、それに基づいて何らかの主張を訴訟で通すのは難しいだろう。

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自由からの逃走、エーリッヒ・フロム、日高六郎訳

[*266] このような考えは、あらゆる外的な束縛から個人を解放することによって近代デモクラシーは真の個人主義を完成したという通念と対立するものである。われわれはどのような外的権威にも従属していないことや、われわれの思考や感情を自由に表現できることを誇りとしている。そしてわれわれ[*267]はこの自由こそ、ほとんど自動的に我々の個性を保証するものであると考えている。\strong{しかし思想を表現する権利は、われわれが自分の思考を持つことができる場合においてだけ意味がある}。外的権威からの自由は、われわれが自分の個性を確立することができる内的な心理的条件があってはじめて、恒久的な成果となる。われわれはその目標を達成したであろうか。あるいは少なくともそれに近づきつつあるだろうか。本書は人間的な要素を取り扱うのであるからこの問題を批判的に分析することこそその仕事である。そうすることによって、我々はこれまでの諸章に脱落していた意図を拾い上げることができる。近代人にたいする自由の二面性を論じたとき、現代において、個人の孤独と無力を増大させている経済的諸条件を指摘した。すなわちその心理的結果を論じて、この無力は権威主義的性格にみられる一種の逃避を導くか、あるいは孤独となった個人が自動人形となり、自我を失い、しかも同時に意識的には自分は自由であり、自分にのみ従属していると考えるような脅迫的な画一性を導くことを示した。

新版、1965

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論語

02-10 子曰。視其所以。觀其所由。察其所安。人焉廋哉。人焉廋哉。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、そのもってするところを視(み)、その由(よ)るところを観(み)、その安んずるところを察(さっ)すれば、人いずくんぞ廋(かく)さんや、人いずくんぞ廋(かく)さんや。

03-04 林放問禮之本。子曰。大哉問。禮與其奢也寧儉。喪與其易也寧戚。
林放(りんぽう)、礼の本(もと)を問う。子(し)曰(いわ)く、大なるかな問いや。礼はその奢(おご)らんよりはむしろ倹なれ。喪(も)はその易(ととの)わんよりはむしろ戚(いた)め。

03-15 子入太廟。毎事問。或曰。孰謂鄹人之子知禮乎。入太廟。毎事問。子聞之曰。是禮也。
子(し)、大廟に入り、事ごとに問う。或るひとの曰く、孰(た)れか謂う、鄹人(すうひと)の子(こ)礼を知ると。大廟に入りて事(こと)ごとに問えり。子(し)これを聞きて曰く、これ礼(れい)なり。

03-18 子曰。事君盡禮。人以爲諂也。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、君(きみ)に事(つか)うるに礼を尽(つ)くせば、人はもって諂(へつら)いとなすなり。

04-05 子曰。富與貴。是人之所欲也。不以其道得之。不處也。貧與賤。是人之所惡也。不以其道得之。不去也。君子去仁。惡乎成名。君子無終食之間違仁。造次必於是。巓沛必於是。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、富と貴(たっと)きとはこれ人の欲するところなり。その道をもってこれを得しにあらざれば処(お)らざるなり。貧と賤(いや)しきとはこれ人の悪むところなり。その道をもってこれを得しにあらざれば去(さ)らざるなり。君子は仁を去りて、悪(いず)くにか名を成さん。君子は終食の間も仁に違(たが)うなく、造次(ぞうじ)にも必ずここにおいてし、顚沛(てんぱい)にも必ずここにおいてす。
04-08 子曰。朝聞道。夕死可矣。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、朝(あした)に道を聞けば、夕(ゆうべ)に死すとも可(か)なり。

04-11 子曰。君子懷徳。小人懷土。君子懷刑。小人懷惠。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、君子、徳を懐(おも)えば、小人は土(ど)を懐い、君子、刑を懐えば、小人は恵(けい)を懐う。

04-12 子曰。放於利而行。多怨。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、利を放(ほし)いままにして行えば、怨みを多くす。

04-14 子曰。不患無位。患無以立。不患莫己知。患無可知也。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、位(くらい)なきを患(うれ)えず、もって立つなきを患う。己を知るものなきを患えず、知らるべきなきを患うるなり。

04-16 子曰。君子喩於義。小人喩於利。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、君子は義に喩(さと)り、小人は利に喩(さと)る。

04-17 子曰。見賢思齊焉。見不賢而内自省也。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、賢(けん)を見ては斉(ひと)しからんことを思い、不賢(ふけん)を見ては内(うち)にみずから省(かえり)みるなり。

04-20 子曰。三年無改於父之道。可謂孝矣。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、三年、父の道を改(あらた)むるなきは、孝と謂(い)うべし。

04-21 子曰。父母之年。不可不知也。一則以喜。一則以懼。
子(し)曰(いわ)く、父母の年は知らざるべからざるなり。一(いつ)にはもって喜び、一にはもって懼(おそ)る。

05-04 或曰。雍也仁而不佞。子曰。焉用佞。禦人以口給。屢憎於人。不知其仁。焉用佞。
あるひと曰く、雍(よう)や、仁(じん)にして佞(ねい)ならず。子(し)曰(いわ)く、いずくんぞ佞(ねい)なるを用いん。人を禦(ふせ)ぐに口給(こうきゅう)をもってすれば、しばしば人に憎(にく)まる。その仁なるを知らず、いずくんぞ佞なるを用(もち)いん。

05-15 子謂子産。有君子之道四焉。其行己也恭。其事上也敬。其養民也惠。其使民也義。
子、子産(しさん)を謂う。君子の道、四つあり。そのおのれを行なうや恭(きょう)。その上(かみ)に事(つか)うるや敬(けい)。その民を養うや恵(けい)あり。その民を使うや義(ぎ)あり。

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A Conversation with Paul Krugman

SIMON: Let me interrupt to quote one of your most memorable phrases. You say, 'The US government is best viewed as a big insurance company that also happens to have an army.'

Prof. KRUGMAN: That's right. Actually I stole that from Peter Fisher, the undersecretary of Treasury.

a conversation with paul krugman, npr

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キャッチャー・イン・ザ・ライ、J. D. サリンジャー、村上春樹訳

[*191] でも一つ愉快なことがあった。ついさっきどこかの教会から出てきたばかりとおぼしき一家が、僕のすぐ前を歩いていた。...[*192]何を歌っているのかを知りたくて、僕はその子の近くに寄ってみた。その子の歌っているのは、「ライ麦畑をやってくる誰かさんを、誰かさんがつかまえたら」という歌だった。

[*286] 「でもとにかくさ、だだっぴっろいライ麦畑みたいなところで、小さな子供たちがいっぱい集まって何かのゲームをしているところを僕はいつも思い浮かべちまうんだ。何千人もの子供たちがいるんだけど、他には誰もいない。つまり、ちゃんとした大人みたいなのは一人もいないんだよ。僕の他にはね。それで僕はその辺のクレイジーな崖っぷちに発っているわけさ。で、僕がそこで何をするかっていうとさ、誰かその崖から落ちそうになる子供がいると、かたっぱしからつかまえるんだよ。つまりさ、よく前を見ないで崖の方に走っていく子供なんかがいた[*287]ら、どっからともなく現れて、その子をさっとキャッチするんだ。そういうのを朝から晩までずっとやっている。ライ麦畑のキャッチャー、僕はただそういうものになりたいんだ。たしかにかなりへんてこだとは思うけど、僕が心からなりたいと思うのはそれくらいだよ。かなりへんてこだとはわかっているんだけどね。

[*329] そこで何をするつもりだったかっていうとさ、聾唖者のふりをしようと思ったんだ。そうすれば誰とも、意味のない愚かしい会話をする必要がなくなるじゃないか。誰かが僕に何か言いたいと思ったら、いちいちそれを紙に書いて手渡さなくちゃならないわけだ。しばらくそんなことを続けたら、みんなけっこううんざりしちゃうだろうし、あとはもう一生誰ともしゃべらなくていいってことになっちゃうはずだ。みんなは僕のことを気の毒な聾唖者だと思って相手にもせず、放っておいてくれるだろう。

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緋文字、ホーソーン

このようにヘスター・プリンは言って、悲しげな緋文字の上に落とした。そして、長い年月を経てから新しい墓穴が、のちにキングズ・チャペルが建てられた場所に隣接するあの墓地の、古くて落ちくぼんだ墓のそばに掘られた。それは確かにあの古く落ちくぼんだ墓の側に掘られたが、その二つの墓穴は少し離れていて、ここに眠る二人の塵には混じり合う権利がないかのようであった。しかし、二人のための墓石は一つで事足りた。その周りには、紋章が彫られた墓石がいくつもあった。そしてこの粗末な石版の上には--注意深い探索者なら今なお見分けることができても、その趣旨が解りかねて困惑することであろうが--縦型の紋所めいたものが彫られているのが見えた。それは一つの紋章で、その紋章学者流儀の講釈は、今ここに終わろうとしている物語の題辞(モットー)とも、簡単な記述ともなろう。この物語はなるほど暗いけれども、絶えず燃えさかる、影よりもなお暗い一点の光によってのみ際立ち、かつ救われているのである--。

「黒地ニ赤キAの文字」

The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Wikipedia

The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Project Gutenberg

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学問芸術論 解説 前川貞治郎

ルソーの「学問芸術論」が華々しい論戦を引き起こしたのは何故だったのだろうか。それを理解するためには、18世紀中頃のフランスの社会状態を顧みなければならない。18世紀の前半には、相反する二つの大きな動きがあった。...

ルソーが、この「学問芸術論」の中で、特に攻撃している「奢侈」がこの上層階級の生活を対象にしていたことは、言うまでもない。それだけに、当時の為政者にとって、この論文が危険視されたのも当然である。まして、その奢侈の原因を社会の不平等にまで求めるとき、それは当時においては、革命的とさえ考えられる。

このようなルソーの主張に対して、上層階級に、いわば寄生している多くの人々、--学者、僧侶、その他の著作家たちが、筆を揃えて反駁したのもまた当然であろう。論争が華々しくなった社会的基盤がここにあった。

十八世紀中頃には、幾つかの注目すべき作品が相次いで発表された。モンテスキューの「法の精神」は1748年、ビュッフォンの「自然史」の第一巻が1749年、ルソーの論文が50年、しかもこの論文の主張と正反対に、学問の進歩を讃える序文を含むディドロとダランベールらの「百科全書」の第一巻が1751年に出版されている。これらは、その対象や方法において、差異はあるにせよ、現状の批判という点では、何れも一致している。「まさに、この世紀の中葉こそ思想の中で準備された革命によって、人類の一時期を劃するように定められているかのようであった」。この「思想」の革命こそ、フランス革命の知的期限の温床をなすものであり、ルソーのこの論文も、その温床に咲いた花として、やがて、フランス革命に実を結ぶに至るのである。

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模倣 imitation、アラン、定義集

天使 ange

これは使者、幸福な使者、待たれた使者、歓迎される使者である。天使は老いた者ではない、天使は学者ではない。ただ、彼は新しい時を告げる。天使は裁かない、天使は赦しもしない。彼は喜んで与える。彼が齎すものは証ではない、それは一つの音信(おとずれ)である。「こんなことではいけない」と、彼はなたの髪を直すのと同じように単純に言う、「あなたは呪われてもいけないし、悲しんでもいない。あなたは無用な者でもないし、勇気を欠いてもいない。私があなたにそれを言うのは、それを知っているからだ。ところが、あなたにはそれがわかっていない」。天使は議論しない。

模倣 imitation

出てくるそばから手本とするならば、それは愚かな形式である。反対に、それが選んだものであるなら、模倣は自分を勇気づける方法である。なぜなら、人が既にやったことは、君も立派にやれることだから。従って、感嘆するのはいいことであり、人が感嘆することを真似るのはいいことである。『キリストに倣いて』は、[題名通り]人間の宗教であることを自白している。なぜなら、紙を模倣することは絶望的なことであるから。「神である人間[キリスト]」を、人は真似るのだ。

一文目が印象的。それ以外は否定はしない。

後悔 regret

これは起こってしまったことを凝視して、そうでなかったらよかった、あるいは起こらなかったらよかったと思うことである。後悔は悔恨、あるいは悔い改めに変わることがある。後悔そのもののなかには、過去を伴った悲しみがあるだけで、責任者の観念がそこに入り込むことはない。後悔の持つ全ての役目は事物に秩序を与えることである。

エピクロス主義(E'picrise) 

しばしば不当にも、もっとも低いエゴイズムに帰されたエピクロス主義は、迷信、幻想、要するに情念に駆られたあらゆる狂気を癒すことを目的とした意志唯物論である。それによって、魂は、本当の善を、知そのものを、自己との平和を、友情を得るのである。

偶像崇拝(Idola'trie) 

ある形象(イマージュ)、それ(これがイドラ偶像の本来の意味である)が精神を意味することができる。この意味に於いて、外的な美しさは精神の均衡を表している。しかし、イマージュの中には何か人を魅了するものがある。また、反対に、人に好かれる術を知らない正直な人たちも必ず居る。好きな者を尊重するのは食い道楽のようなものだ。心地よい思考を楽しもうとするこの思考、それが偶像崇拝の本質である。

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cnn youtube debates - democrats

cnn youtube debatesを見ている。画期的。presidential debatesに感心したけど、新しい技術を選挙戦のプロセスに組み込む米国マスメディアの力に今回は感服。日本では、presidential debatesを米国並みのqualityで行う素養がcandidatesにはない。そもそも、日本にはjim lehrerどころかanderson cooperがいない。bill o'reillyならそこら中に溢れているけれど。

一番頭がいいのはdennis kucinichだな。そして、一番候補から遠いのもkucinichだろう。ghandiみたいに正しいことを小さい声で言っても大統領候補にはなれない。background searchをしてみないと何とも言えないけれど、impactがあって、印象に残ったのはmike gravel。2004年でedwardsを聞いたときのような新鮮さがあった。試合巧者で良いadvisorがついているのはhrcで、barack obamaは足下をすくわれそう。ただ、hrcがhard ballから逃げているのはよくわかった。obamaは2004年のdncの演説で注目して、直ぐに演説を翻訳したくらいだけれど、大統領予備選はspinばっかりで彼の輝きは失われそうだ。


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johnny greenwoodはギターを弾くのが上手いのか

all over mieを読んだところ、bloc partyのrusselはこれだけ有名になったrock bandのguitaristとしては水準に達していない模様。ただ、思い返してみると、バンドのギタリストがギターテクニックを見せつけてるのを私は聞いた経験がほとんどないことに気づいた。

音楽雑誌を読むわけでもない私はライブを見に行くこともなく、テレビやdvdで綺麗に編集されたそれを眺めるだけだ。いつもpower codeばかりの曲だけれど、実はkurt cobainはギターが上手だということを知っているのは、nirvanaのboot legでいくつか彼がguitar instrument onlyの録音を残していたから。

言われてみるとradioheadのguitarといえばthom yorkeの技術に感心することはあっても、johnny greenwoodのguitar techniqueに感心したことって記憶にない。無論、johnnyのguitarが水準に達していないという意味ではない。遙かに凌駕して未踏の荒野を突き進んでいる。

johnnyが他を圧倒して光を放つのはどういう風に弾くかではなくて何を弾くか。thomが30日かけてedとcolinとphilで曲を作る。ちょっとひねったコード進行、thomは弾き語りで、edが上品にそれをあわせる。何を加えなくてもそれで完成するはずの音楽にjohnnyが乱入してくる。対位法みたいに曲にあわせているのだったら、それも一曲だけれど、彼の場合は全く違う構成要素を音楽に投げ込んでくる。それが音楽を豊かにするのだから、文句をつけることができない。ところで、それはそれとしてtechniqueはどうなんだろう。

もう一つ、長い目で見れば二人、音楽の天才がバンドの中に必要で、そうでないと歴史に名を残せないだろう。russelがそうでないとすると、bloc partyはいつかは消えていくのかもしれない。mattとgordonがそれを救う可能性も否定できないが。

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音楽の進化

bloc partyを聴いている。ロックの進化は速い。それは或る存在が他者に影響を与え、それが他に影響を与える感覚が短いからだろう。短期で行われる正のフィードバックの無限連鎖が、エントロピー増加傾向のこの世界で新しい何かを生み出すのに最も効率が良いのだろう。

radioheadを長く聞き続けた私が、新しく何かを受け入れるのは難しくなってた。年も取っていたし。ただ、radioheadを超える存在はいつか現れると分かっていた。今、十三歳のkidsは既にradioheadが長い実験と失敗の末に掴んだhail to the thiefを聴くことが出来て、それを元に彼らの音楽観を作ることが出来る(彼らは私がbloc partyとradioheadを結びつけるたびにそれは古くさいと言って嫌な顔をするのだろう)。

bloc partyは色々な音楽から影響を受けている。一般的に言って特筆すべきなのはradiohead以外のartistなのだろうけれど、私はやはり彼らとradioheadとの関係が気になる。radioheadがそうであったように彼らもdance musicの過去を受け継いでいて、その中で新しいものを作ろうとしている。guitaristの髪型はjohnnyに似ているし、keleとrusselのguitarの弾き方もjohnnyとthomのそれだろう。waiting for the 7.18でglockenspielを使い、jools hollandlettermanに出演するのもきっとradioheadを模倣しているのだろう。

彼らが直ちにradioheadの奥深さを体現するとは思わない。けれど、いつか、guitarをpianoに持ち替えた彼らが間接的な方法で政府と個人のあり方について語るのだろう。今は、ちょっと直接的すぎる。若いと言えばそれまでなのだけれど。例えば、hunting for the witchesでの"1990's, optimistic as a teen/But now its terror, airplanes crash into towers."とか。でも、helicopter2+2=5もにたようなものなのかもしれない。

ただ、肩の力が抜けている良い意味でのelite意識と捕らえることも出来るだろう(helicopterの"Why can't you be more European?"は典型的なeuropeanの思考だし)。radioehadから一世代下がって、その世代の中で彼らは代表として私たちにmessageを伝える義務を負っているのだ。

radioheadとnirvanaのbreakは1995年以前で、それ以後にステージにたったバンドと違うのはInternetの存在だろう(bloc party / kele okreke / russell lissack / gordon moakes / matt tong)。誰もが音楽に無料でアクセスすることができるようになった。そして、1995年以降に存在感を増したバンドの宿命はyoutubeのようなstreaming videoの存在だろう。彼らは音楽だけでなく、その演奏方法から彼らは注目を浴びることになる。liveでバンドメンバーだけで演奏することに拘らず、また、サポートメンバーを入れて大人数になることもなく、単にシンセを使っているあたりが何というか、肩の力の抜け具合を示している。

商業主義の音楽の世界では、まずは一定の数量のファンを掴むことが重要になる。商業的に成功して、音楽が売れることが何よりも重要だ。それによって、音楽にあまり興味のない客層や、ロックのファンではあるのだけれど、rolling stones/NMEを読まない私の様なlisternerに存在を知らしめることが出来る。それがdebutとsophomoreの宿命で、彼らはその割に一枚目でも二枚目でもchallengeをしている。3枚目が楽しみになるバンドで、私はそれこそが歴史に残るのだと思える。

個々の曲についてはいつか歌詞をレビューする時間が出来たときに書くことが出来るだろう。ただ、この2000年以降にデビューしたmusicianの宿命ともいえるのが一つの曲に対する音源の多彩さだろう。テレビ等で放映された音源だけでも十種類近くになるかもしれない。それぞれの違いが気になるし、やはりテレビで万人受けするようにアレンジされたドラムも良くできているし、ライブで寸分の狂いもなくrecordをコピーしているのも気になる。どの曲から手をつけるべきか。

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William A. Klein and John C. Coffee, Jr., Business Organization and Finance, 9th Edition, 2004

[*347]III. Capital Structure

A. INTRODUCTION

The phrase "capital structure" refers to the relative amounts of the various types of permanent and long-term financial claims in a enterprise [FN7]. ... The question with whichwe will be concerned is, what are the principles by which a firm determines the proper ratio of debt to equity [FN8]?

[*356]J. THE REAL WORLD

We now turn to an examinatin of some assumptions on which the irrelevance of capital structure argument depends.

1. Ratoinal Investors. The objection might be made that the modern view rests on the assumption of investor rationality and that that assumption is unfounded, or at least unproved. In fact, there is ample evidence that even if some investors do behave irrationally, market prices are determined by the actions of rational investors or, in any event, are consistent with rational behaior.[[]]

2. Borrowing Costs. The modern view rests on the further assumption that individuals can borrown on the same terms and with the same ease as can corproations--that is, that homemade leverage is a perfect substitute for corporate leverage. If in fact corporations can borrow more cheaply or more easily that can individuals, then individuals investors who want leverage should be willing to pay a premium for the common stock of corporations that have created leverage for them--corporations, that is, with debt in their capital structures. Superficially it might seem that corporations would have some borrowing advantage over individuals for the simple reason that they would be dealing in larger amounts--that have the advantage of borrowing wholesale rather than retail. The fact is, however, tht financial institutions have created a mechanism that allows individuals to borrow small amounts, on the security of common stock, with very little bother and at rates comparable to those paid by the most creditoworthy corporations.

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The McKinsey Quarterly 1999 Number 1

Parent's Gain

[*19] the announcement of tracking-stock deals or spin-offs tends to raise the price [*20]of the parent company's stock by 2 to 3 percent.

When to Spin Subsidiary Off?

[*25] no longer in the best position to create the greatest value from its business through skills, system, or synergies

When to Use Tracking Stock?

[*26] When equity is needed for use as an acquisition currency

[*27] When a subsidiary could take advantage of its parent company's capital structure to brrow at lower cost,

Net Operating Loss

[*28] If the parent or the subsidiary of a US copany has net operating losses that can be used to offset taxable profits.

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Stephen J. Choi, A. C. Pritchard, Securities Regulation: Cases and Analysis

[*730] Delaware forbids [*731]no hand poison pills, whichcannnot be redeemed, and dead hand poison pills, which only incumbent directors may redeem. See Quickturn Design Sys., Inc. v. Mentor Graphics Corp., 721 A.2d 1281 (Del. 1998); Carmody v. Toll Bros., 723 A.2d 1180 (Del. Ch.1998)

表現が微妙。

[*730] Unlike ordinary, every business decisions, which largely avoid court review under the "business judgment rule," a decision to employ a defensive tactic in the face of a hostile bid faces more intrusive court review. The degree of cocurt review depends on whether the target company has decided to put itself up for auction ((fairly strict scrutiny) or maintain its ongoing plans (highly deferential in practice). See Revlon, Inc. v. MacAndrews & ForbesHoldings, Inc. 506 A.2d 173, 179 (Del. 1985); Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co., 493 A.2d 946 (Del. 1985)

[*730] After Supreme Court validated state anti-takeover statutes in CTS Corp v. Dynamics Corp., 481 US 69 (1987)

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The Gay Science, Friedrich Nietzsche, 1882

The Gay Science is also known as "The Joyous Wisdom" in English (and Japanese) translation.

Have you not heard of that madman who lit a lantern in the bright morning hours, ran to the market-place, and cried incessantly: "I am looking for God! I am looking for God!"

As many of those who did not believe in God were standing together there, he excited considerable laughter. Have you lost him, then? said one. Did he lose his way like a child? said another. Or is he hiding? Is he afraid of us? Has he gone on a voyage? or emigrated? Thus they shouted and laughed. The madman sprang into their midst and pierced them with his glances.

"Where has God gone?" he cried. "I shall tell you. We have killed him - you and I. We are his murderers. But how have we done this? How were we able to drink up the sea? Who gave us the sponge to wipe away the entire horizon? What did we do when we unchained the earth from its sun? Whither is it moving now? Whither are we moving now? Away from all suns? Are we not perpetually falling? Backward, sideward, forward, in all directions? Is there any up or down left? Are we not straying as through an infinite nothing? Do we not feel the breath of empty space? Has it not become colder? Is it not more and more night coming on all the time? Must not lanterns be lit in the morning? Do we not hear anything yet of the noise of the gravediggers who are burying God? Do we not smell anything yet of God's decomposition? Gods too decompose. God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we, murderers of all murderers, console ourselves? That which was the holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet possessed has bled to death under our knives. Who will wipe this blood off us? With what water could we purify ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we need to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we not ourselves become gods simply to be worthy of it? There has never been a greater deed; and whosoever shall be born after us - for the sake of this deed he shall be part of a higher history than all history hitherto."

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the top 10 corporate and securities articles

2008
====

* Anabtawi, Iman and Lynn Stout. Fiduciary duties for activist shareholders. 60 Stan. L. Rev. 1255-1308 (2008).

* Brummer, Chris. Corporate law preemption in an age of global capital markets. 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1067-1114 (2008).

* Choi, Stephen and Marcel Kahan. The market penalty for mutual fund scandals. 87 B.U. L. Rev. 1021-1057 (2007).

* Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. On beyond CalPERS: Survey evidence on the developing role of public pension funds in corporate governance. 61 Vand. L. Rev. 315-354 (2008).

* Cox, James D., Randall S. Thomas and Lynn Bai. There are plaintiffs and…there are plaintiffs: An empirical analysis of securities class action settlements. 61 Vand. L. Rev. 355-386 (2008).

* Henderson, M. Todd. Paying CEOs in bankruptcy: Executive compensation when agency costs are low. 101 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1543-1618 (2007).

* Hu, Henry T.C. and Bernard Black. Equity and debt decoupling and empty voting II: Importance and extensions. 156 U. Pa. L. Rev. 625-739 (2008).

* Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. The hanging chads of corporate voting. 96 Geo. L.J. 1227-1281 (2008).

* Strine, Leo E., Jr. Toward common sense and common ground? Reflections on the shared interests of managers and labor in a more rational system of corporate governance. 33 J. Corp. L. 1-20 (2007).

* Subramanian, Guhan. Go-shops vs. no-shops in private equity deals: Evidence and implications. 63 Bus. Law. 729-760 (2008).

2007
====

* Baker, Tom and Sean J. Griffith;The Missing Monitor in Corporate Governance: The Directors’ & Officers’ Liability Insurer. 95 Geo. L.J. 1795-1842 (2007).

* Bebchuk, Lucian A.; The Myth of the Shareholder Franchise. 93 Va. L. Rev. 675-732 (2007).

* Choi, Stephen J. and Robert B. Thompson; Securities Litigation and Its Lawyers: Changes During the First Decade After the PSLRA. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1489-1533 (2006).

* Coffee, John C., Jr; Reforming the Securities Class Action: An Essay on Deterrence and Its Implementation. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1534-1586 (2006).

* Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas; Does the Plaintiff Matter? An Empirical Analysis of Lead Plaintiffs in Securities Class Actions. 106 Colum. L. Rev. 1587-1640 (2006).

* Eisenberg, Theodore and Geoffrey Miller; Ex Ante Choice of Law and Forum: An Empirical Analysis of Corporate Merger Agreements. 59 Vand. L. Rev. 1975-2013 (2006).

* Gordon, Jeffrey N.; The Rise of Independent Directors in the United States, 1950-2005: Of Shareholder Value and Stock Market Prices. 59 Stan. L. Rev. 1465-1568 (2007).

* Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock; Hedge Funds in Corporate Governance and Corporate Control. 155 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1021-1093 (2007).

* Langevoort, Donald C.; The Social Construction of Sarbanes-Oxley. 105 Mich. L. Rev. 1817-1855 (2007).

* Roe, Mark J.; Legal Origins, Politics, and Modern Stock Markets. 120 Harv. L. Rev. 460-527 (2006).

* Subramanian, Guhan; Post-Siliconix Freeze-outs: Theory and Evidence. 36 J. Legal Stud. 1-26 (2007).

2006
====

*Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1735 - 1758 (2006).

*Bebchuk, Lucian A.Letting Shareholders Set the Rules. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1784 - 1813 (2006).

*Black, Bernard, Brian Cheffins and Michael Klausner.Outside Director Liability. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 1055-1159 (2006).

*Choi, Stephen J., Jill E. Fisch and A.C. Pritchard.Do Institutions Matter? The Impact of the Lead Plaintiff Provision of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act. 83 Wash U. L.Q. 869-905 (2005).

*Cox, James D. and Randall S. Thomas. Letting Billions Slip Through Your Fingers: Empirical Evidence and Legal Implications of the Failure of Financial Institutions to Participate in Securities Class Action Settlements. 58 Stan. L. Rev. 411-454 (2005).

*Gilson, Ronald J.Contrilling Shareholders and Corporate Governance: Complicating the Comparative Taxonomy. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1641-1679 (2006).

*Goshen, Zohar and Gideon Parchomovsky. The Essential Role of Securities Regulation. 55 Duke L.J. 711-782 (2006).

*Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman and Richard Squire. Law and the Rise of the Firm. 119 Harv. L. Rev. 1333-1403 (2006).

*Hu, Henry T. C. and Bernard Black. Empty Voting and Hidden (Morphable) Ownership: Taxonomy, Implications, and Reforms. 61 Bus. Law. 1011-1070 (2006).

*Kahan, Marcel. The Demand for Corporate Law: Statutory Flexibility, Judicial Quality, or Takeover Protection? 22 J.L. Econ. & Org. 340-365.

*Kahan, Marcel and Edward Rock. Symbiotic Federalism and the Structure of Corporate Law. 58 Vand. L. Rev. 1573-1622 (2005).

*Smith, D. Gordon The Exit Structure of Venture Capital. 53 UCLA L. Rev. 315-356 (2005).

2005
====

*Bebchuk, Lucian Arye. The case for increasing shareholder power. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 833-914 (2005).

*Bratton, William W. The new dividend puzzle. 93 Geo. L.J. 845-895 (2005).

*Elhauge, Einer. Sacrificing corporate profits in the public interest. 80 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 733-869 (2005).

*Johnson, . Corporate officers and the business judgment rule. 60 Bus. Law. 439-469 (2005).

*Milhaupt, Curtis J. In the shadow of Delaware? The rise of hostile takeovers in Japan. 105 Colum. L. Rev. 2171-2216 (2005).

*Ribstein, Larry E. Are partners fiduciaries? 2005 U. Ill. L. Rev. 209-251.

*Roe, Mark J. Delaware?s politics. 118 Harv. L. Rev. 2491-2543 (2005).

*Romano, Roberta. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the making of quack corporate governance. 114 Yale L.J. 1521-1611 (2005).

*Subramanian, Guhan. Fixing freezeouts. 115 Yale L.J. 2-70 (2005).

*Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The public and private faces of derivative lawsuits. 57 Vand. L. Rev. 1747-1793 (2004).

*Weiss, Elliott J. and J. White. File early, then free ride: How Delaware law (mis)shapes shareholder class actions. 57 Vand. L. Rev. 1797-1881 (2004).

2004
====

* Arlen, Jennifer and Eric Talley. Unregulable defenses and the perils of shareholder choice. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 577-666 (2003).

* Bainbridge, Stephen M. The business judgment rule as abstention doctrine. 57 Vand. L. Rev. 83-130 (2004).

* Bebchuk, Lucian Arye and Alma Cohen. Firms' decisions where to incorporate. 46 J.L. & Econ. 383-425 (2003).

* Blair, Margaret M. Locking in capital: what corporate law achieved for business organizers in the nineteenth century. 51 UCLA L. Rev. 387-455 (2003).

* Gilson, Ronald J. and Jeffrey N. Gordon. Controlling shareholders. 152 U. Pa. L. Rev. 785-843 (2003).

* Roe, Mark J. Delaware 's competition. 117 Harv. L. Rev. 588-646 (2003).

* Sale, Hillary A. Delaware 's good faith. 89 Cornell L. Rev. 456-495 (2004).

* Stout, Lynn A. The mechanisms of market inefficiency: an introduction to the new finance. 28 J. Corp. L. 635-669 (2003).

* Subramanian, Guhan. Bargaining in the shadow of takeover defenses. 113 Yale L.J. 621-686 (2003).

* Subramanian, Guhan. The disappearing Delaware effect. 20 J.L. Econ. & Org. 32-59 (2004)

* Thompson, Robert B. and Randall S. Thomas. The new look of shareholder litigation: acquisition-oriented class actions. 57 Vand. L. Rev. 133-209 (2004).

2003
====

* Ayres, Ian and Stephen Choi. Internalizing outsider trading. 101 Mich. L. Rev. 313-408 (2002).

* Bainbridge, Stephen M. Director primacy: The means and ends of corporate governance. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 547-606 (2003).

* Bebchuk, Lucian, Alma Cohen and Allen Ferrell. Does the evidence favor state competition in corporate law? 90 Cal. L. Rev. 1775-1821 (2002).

* Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Further findings and a reply to symposium participants. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 885-917 (2002).

* Choi, Stephen J. and Jill E. Fisch. How to fix Wall Street: A voucher financing proposal for securities intermediaries. 113 Yale L.J. 269-346 (2003).

* Daines, Robert. The incorporation choices of IPO firms. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev.1559-1611 (2002).

* Gilson, Ronald J. and David M. Schizer. Understanding venture capital structure: A tax explanation for convertible preferred stock. 116 Harv. L. Rev. 874-916 (2003).

* Kahan, Marcel and Ehud Kamar. The myth of state competition in corporate law. 55 Stan. L. Rev. 679-749 (2002).

* Langevoort, Donald C. Taming the animal spirits of the stock markets: A behavioral approach to securities regulation. 97 Nw. U. L. Rev. 135-188 (2002).

* Pritchard, A.C. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., and the counterrevolution in the federal securities laws. 52 Duke L.J. 841-949 (2003).

* Thompson, Robert B. and Hillary A. Sale. Securities fraud as corporate governance: Reflections upon federalism. 56 Vand. L. Rev. 859-910 (2003).

2002
====

* Allen, William T., Jack B. Jacobs and Leo E. Strine, Jr. Function over Form: A Reassessment of Standards of Review in Delaware Corporation Law. 26 Del. J. Corp. L. 859-895 (2001) and 56 Bus. Law. 1287 (2001).
* Ayres, Ian and Joe Bankman. Substitutes for Insider Trading. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 235-254 (2001).
* Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, Jesse M. Fried and David I. Walker. Managerial Power and Rent Extraction in the Design of Executive Compensation. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 751-846 (2002).

* Bebchuk, Lucian Arye, John C. Coates IV and Guhan Subramanian. The Powerful Antitakeover Force of Staggered Boards: Theory, Evidence, and Policy. 54 Stan. L. Rev. 887-951 (2002).

* Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman. Delaware’s Takeover Law: The Uncertain Search for Hidden Value. 96 Nw. U. L. Rev. 521-566 (2002).

* Bratton, William M. Enron and the Dark Side of Shareholder Value. 76 Tul. L. Rev. 1275-1361 (2002).

* Coates, John C. IV. Explaining Variation in Takeover Defenses: Blame the Lawyers. 89 Cal. L. Rev. 1301-1421 (2001).

* Kahan, Marcel and Edward B. Rock. How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Pill: Adaptive Responses to Takeover Law. 69 U. Chi. L. Rev. 871-915 (2002).

* Kahan, Marcel. Rethinking Corporate Bonds: The Trade-off Between Individual and Collective Rights. 77 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1040-1089 (2002).

* Roe, Mark J. Corporate Law’s Limits. 31 J. Legal Stud. 233-271 (2002).

* Thompson, Robert B. and D. Gordon Smith. Toward a New Theory of the Shareholder Role: "Sacred Space" in Corporate Takeovers. 80 Tex. L. Rev. 261-326 (2001).

2001
====

* Black, Bernard S. The legal and institutional preconditions for strong securities markets. 48 UCLA L. Rev. 781-855 (2001).

* Coates, John C. IV. Takeover defenses in the shadow of the pill: a critique of the scientific evidence. 79 Tex. L. Rev. 271-382 (2000).

* Coates, John C. IV and Guhan Subramanian. A buy-side model of M&A lockups: theory and evidence. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 307-396 (2000).

* Coffee, John C., Jr. The rise of dispersed ownership: the roles of law and the state in the separation of ownership and control. 111 Yale L.J. 1-82 (2001).

* Choi, Stephen J. The unfounded fear of Regulation S: empirical evidence on offshore securities offerings. 50 Duke L.J. 663-751 (2000).

* Daines, Robert and Michael Klausner. Do IPO charters maximize firm value? Antitakeover protection in IPOs. 17 J.L. Econ. & Org. 83-120 (2001).

* Hansmann, Henry and Reinier Kraakman. The essential role of organizational law. 110 Yale L.J. 387-440 (2000).

* Langevoort, Donald C. The human nature of corporate boards: law, norms, and the unintended consequences of independence and accountability. 89 Geo. L.J. 797-832 (2001).

* Mahoney, Paul G. The political economy of the Securities Act of 1933. 30 J. Legal Stud. 1-31 (2001).

* Roe, Mark J. Political preconditions to separating ownership from corporate control. 53 Stan. L. Rev. 539-606 (2000).

* Romano, Roberta. Less is more: making institutional investor activism a valuable mechanism of corporate governance. 18 Yale J. on Reg. 174-251 (2001).

2000
====

* Bratton, William W. and Joseph A. McCahery. Comparative Corporate Governance and the Theory of the Firm: The Case Against Global Cross Reference. 38 Colum. J. Transnat’l L. 213-297 (1999).

* Coates, John C. IV. Empirical Evidence on Structural Takeover Defenses: Where Do We Stand? 54 U. Miami L. Rev. 783-797 (2000).

* Coffee, John C., Jr. Privatization and Corporate Governance: The Lessons from Securities Market Failure. 25 J. Corp. L. 1-39 (1999).

* Fisch, Jill E. The Peculiar Role of the Delaware Courts in the Competition for Corporate Charters. 68 U. Cin. L. Rev. 1061-1100 (2000).

* Fox, Merritt B. Retained Mandatory Securities Disclosure: Why Issuer Choice Is Not Investor Empowerment. 85 Va. L. Rev. 1335-1419 (1999).

* Fried, Jesse M. Insider Signaling and Insider Trading with Repurchase Tender Offers. 67 U. Chi. L. Rev. 421-477 (2000).

* Gulati, G. Mitu, William A. Klein and Eric M. Zolt. Connected Contracts. 47 UCLA L. Rev. 887-948 (2000).

* Hu, Henry T.C. Faith and Magic: Investor Beliefs and Government Neutrality. 78 Tex. L. Rev. 777-884 (2000).

* Moll, Douglas K. Shareholder Oppression in Close Corporations: The Unanswered Question of Perspective. 53 Vand. L. Rev. 749-827 (2000).

* Schizer, David M. Executives and Hedging: The Fragile Legal Foundation of Incentive Compatibility. 100 Colum. L. Rev. 440-504 (2000).

* Smith, Thomas A. The Efficient Norm for Corporate Law: A Neotraditional Interpretation of Fiduciary Duty. 98 Mich. L. Rev. 214-268 (1999).

* Thomas, Randall S. and Kenneth J. Martin. The Determinants of Shareholder Voting on Stock Option Plans. 35 Wake Forest L. Rev. 31-81 (2000).

* Thompson, Robert B. Preemption and Federalism in Corporate Governance: Protecting Shareholder Rights to Vote, Sell, and Sue. 62 Law & Contemp. Probs. 215-242 (1999).

1999
====

* Bankman, Joseph and Ronald J. Gilson. Why Start-ups? 51 Stan. L. Rev. 289-308 (1999).

* Bhagat, Sanjai and Bernard Black. The Uncertain Relationship Between Board Composition and Firm Performance. 54 Bus. Law. 921-963 (1999).

* Blair, Margaret M. and Lynn A. Stout. A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law. 85 Va. L. Rev. 247-328 (1999).

* Coates, John C., IV. “Fair Value” As an Avoidable Rule of Corporate Law: Minority Discounts in Conflict Transactions. 147 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251-1359 (1999).

* Coffee, John C., Jr. The Future as History: The Prospects for Global Convergence in Corporate Governance and Its Implications. 93 Nw. U. L. Rev. 641-707 (1999).

* Eisenberg, Melvin A. Corporate Law and Social Norms. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1253-1292 (1999).

* Hamermesh, Lawrence A. Corporate Democracy and Stockholder-Adopted By-laws: Taking Back the Street? 73 Tul. L. Rev. 409-495 (1998).

* Krawiec, Kimberly D. Derivatives, Corporate Hedging, and Shareholder Wealth: Modigliani-Miller Forty Years Later. 1998 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1039-1104.

* Langevoort, Donald C. Rereading Cady, Roberts: The Ideology and Practice of Insider Trading Regulation. 99 Colum. L. Rev. 1319-1343 (1999).

* Langevoort, Donald C. Half-Truths: Protecting Mistaken Inferences By Investors and Others. 52 Stan. L. Rev. 87-125 (1999).

* Talley, Eric. Turning Servile Opportunities to Gold: A Strategic Analysis of the Corporate Opportunities Doctrine. 108 Yale L.J. 277-375 (1998).

* Williams, Cynthia A. The Securities and Exchange Commission and Corporate Social Transparency. 112 Harv. L. Rev. 1197-1311 (1999).

1998
====

* Carney, William J., The Production of Corporate Law, 71 S. Cal. L. Rev. 715-780 (1998).

* Choi, Stephen, Market Lessons for Gatekeepers, 92 Nw. U. L. Rev. 916-966 (1998).

* Coffee, John C., Jr., Brave New World?: The Impact(s) of the Internet on Modern Securities Regulation. 52 Bus. Law. 1195-1233 (1997).

* Langevoort, Donald C., Organized Illusions: A Behavioral Theory of Why Corporations Mislead Stock Market Investors (and Cause Other Social Harms). 146 U. Pa. L. Rev. 101-172 (1997).

* Langevoort, Donald C., The Epistemology of Corporate-Securities Lawyering: Beliefs, Biases and Organizational Behavior. 63 Brook. L. Rev. 629-676 (1997).

* Mann, Ronald J. The Role of Secured Credit in Small-Business Lending. 86 Geo. L.J. 1-44 (1997).

* Milhaupt, Curtis J., Property Rights in Firms. 84 Va. L. Rev. 1145-1194 (1998).

* Rock, Edward B., Saints and Sinners: How Does Delaware Corporate Law Work? 44 UCLA L. Rev. 1009-1107 (1997).

* Romano, Roberta, Empowering Investors: A Market Approach to Securities Regulation. 107 Yale L.J. 2359-2430 (1998).

* Schwab, Stewart J. and Randall S. Thomas, Realigning Corporate Governance: Shareholder Activism by Labor Unions. 96 Mich. L. Rev. 1018-1094 (1998).

* Skeel, David A., Jr., An Evolutionary Theory of Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy. 51 Vand. L. Rev. 1325-1398 (1998).

* Thomas, Randall S. and Martin, Kenneth J., Should Labor Be Allowed to Make Shareholder Proposals? 73 Wash. L. Rev. 41-80 (1998).

1997
====

* Alexander, Janet Cooper, Rethinking Damages in Securities Class Actions, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1487-1537 (1996).

* Arlen, Jennifer and Kraakman, Reinier, Controlling Corporate Misconduct: An Analysis of Corporate Liability Regimes, 72 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 687-779 (1997).

* Brudney, Victor, Contract and Fiduciary Duty in Corporate Law, 38 B.C. L. Rev. 595-665 (1997).

* Carney, William J., The Political Economy of Competition for Corporate Charters, 26 J. Legal Stud. 303-329 (1997).

* Choi, Stephen J., Company Registration: Toward a Status-Based Antifraud Regime, 64 U. Chi. L. Rev. 567-651 (1997).

* Fox, Merritt B., Securities Disclosure in a Globalizing Market: Who Should Regulate Whom. 95 Mich. L. Rev. 2498-2632 (1997).

* Kahan, Marcel and Klausner, Michael, Lockups and the Market for Corporate Control, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1539-1571 (1996).

* Mahoney, Paul G., The Exchange as Regulator, 83 Va. L. Rev. 1453-1500 (1997).

* Milhaupt, Curtis J., The Market for Innovation in the United States and Japan: Venture Capital and the Comparative Corporate Governance Debate, 91 Nw. U.L. Rev. 865-898 (1997).

* Skeel, David A., Jr., The Unanimity Norm in Delaware Corporate Law, 83 Va. L. Rev. 127-175 (1997).

1996
====

* Black, Bernard and Reinier Kraakman A Self-Enforcing Model of Corporate Law, 109 Harv. L. Rev. 1911 (1996)

* Gilson, Ronald J. Corporate Governance and Economic Efficiency: When Do Institutions Matter?, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 327 (1996)

* Hu, Henry T.C. Hedging Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 21 J. Corp. L. 3 (1995)

* Kahan, Marcel & Michael Klausner Path Dependence in Corporate Contracting: Increasing Returns, Herd Behavior and Cognitive Biases, 74 Wash. U. L.Q. 347 (1996)

* Kitch, Edmund W. The Theory and Practice of Securities Disclosure, 61 Brooklyn L. Rev. 763 (1995)

* Langevoort, Donald C. Selling Hope, Selling Risk: Some Lessons for Law From Behavioral Economics About Stockbrokers and Sophisticated Customers, 84 Cal. L. Rev. 627 (1996)

* Lin, Laura The Effectiveness of Outside Directors as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: Theories and Evidence, 90 Nw. U.L. Rev. 898 (1996)

* Millstein, Ira M. The Professional Board, 50 Bus. Law 1427 (1995)

* Thompson, Robert B. Exit, Liquidity, and Majority Rule: Appraisal's Role in Corporate Law, 84 Geo. L.J. 1 (1995)

* Triantis, George G. and Daniels, Ronald J. The Role of Debt in Interactive Corporate Governance. 83 Cal. L. Rev. 1073 (1995)

1995
====

Corporations

* Arlen, Jennifer and Deborah M. Weiss A Political Theory of Corporate Taxation,. 105 Yale L.J. 325-391 (1995).

* Elson, Charles M. The Duty of Care, Compensation, and Stock Ownership, 63 U. Cin. L. Rev. 649 (1995).

* Hu, Henry T.C. Heeding Expectations: "Derivative Reality" and the Law and Finance of the Corporate Objective, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 985-1040 (1995).

* Kahan, Marcel The Qualified Case Against Mandatory Terms in Bonds, 89 Nw. U.L. Rev. 565-622 (1995).

* Klausner, Michael Corporations, Corporate Law, and Networks of Contracts, 81 Va. L. Rev. 757-852 (1995).

* Mitchell, Lawrence E. Cooperation and Constraint in the Modern Corporation: An Inquiry Into the Causes of Corporate Immorality, 73 Tex. L. Rev. 477-537 (1995).

* Siegel, Mary Back to the Future: Appraisal Rights in the Twenty-First Century, 32 Harv. J. on Legis. 79-143 (1995).
Securities Regulation

* Grundfest, Joseph A. Why Disimply? 108 Harv. L. Rev. 727-747 (1995).

* Lev, Baruch and Meiring de Villiers Stock Price Crashes and 10b-5 Damages: A Legal Economic, and Policy Analysis, 47 Stan. L. Rev. 7-37 (1994).

* Mahoney, Paul G. Mandatory Disclosure as a Solution to Agency Problems, 62 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1047-1112 (1995).

* Seligman, Joel The Merits Do Matter, 108 Harv. L. Rev. 438 (1994).

* Seligman, Joel The Obsolescence of Wall Street: A Contextual Approach to the Evolving Structure of Federal Securities Regulation, 93 Mich. L. Rev. 649-702 (1995).

* Stout, Lynn A. Are Stock Markets Costly Casinos? Disagreement, Mark Failure, and Securities Regulation, 81 Va. L. Rev. 611 (1995).

* Weiss, Elliott J. and John S. Beckerman Let the Money Do the Monitoring: How Institutional Investors Can Reduce Agency Costs in Securities Class Actions, 104 Yale L.J. 2053-2127 (1995).

1994
====

* Fraidin, Stephen and Hanson, Jon D. Toward Unlocking Lockups, 103 Yale L.J. 1739-1834 (1994)

* Gordon, Jeffrey N. Institutions as Relational Investors: A New Look at Cumulative Voting, 94 Colum. L. Rev. 124-192 (1994)

* Karpoff, Jonathan M., and Lott, John R., Jr. The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear From Committing Criminal Fraud, 36 J.L. & Econ. 757-802 (1993)

* Kraakman, Reiner, Park, Hyun, and Shavell, Steven When Are Shareholder Suits in Shareholder Interests?, 82 Geo. L.J. 1733-1775 (1994)

* Mitchell, Lawrence E. Fairness and Trust in Corporate Law, 43 Duke L.J. 425- 491 (1993)

* Oesterle, Dale A. and Palmiter, Alan R. Judicial Schizophrenia in Shareholder Voting Cases, 79 Iowa L. Rev. 485-583 (1994)

* Pound, John The Rise of the Political Model of Corporate Governance and Corporate Control, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1003-1071 (1993)

* Skeel, David A., Jr. Rethinking the Line Between Corporate Law and Corporate Bankruptcy, 72 Tex. L. Rev. 471-557 (1994)

* Thompson, Robert B. Unpacking Limited Liability: Direct and Vicarious Liability of Corporate Participants for Torts of the Enterprise, 47 Vand. L. Rev. 1-41 (1994)
Securities

* Alexander, Janet Cooper The Value of Bad News in Securities Class Actions, 41 UCLA L.Rev. 1421-1469 (1994)

* Bainbridge, Stephen M. Insider Trading Under the Restatement of the Law Governing Lawyers, 19 J. Corp. L. 1-40 (1993)

* Black, Bernard S. and Coffee, John C. Jr. Hail Britannia?: Institutional Investor Behavior Under Limited Regulation, 92 Mich. L. Rev. 1997-2087 (1994)

* Booth, Richard A. The Efficient Market, portfolio Theory, and the Downward Sloping Demand Hypothesis, 68 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1187-1212 (1993)

* Coffee, John C., Jr. The SEC and the Institutional Investor: A Half-Time Report, 15 Cardozo L. Rev 837-907 (1994)

* Fox, Merritt B. Insider Trading Deterrence Versus Managerial Incentives: A Unified Theory of Section 16(b), 92 Mich. L. Rev. 2088-2203 (1994)

* Grundfest, Joseph A. Disimplying Private Rights of Action Under the Federal Securities Laws: The Commission's Authority, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 961-1024 (1994)

* Macey, Jonathan R. Administrative Agency Obsolescence and Interest Group Formation: A Case Study of the SEC at Sixty, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 909-949 (1994)

* Rock, Edward B. Controlling the Dark Side of Relational Investing, 15 Cardozo L. Rev. 987-1031 (1994)


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ミル、自由論、塩尻公明/木村健康訳、岩波文庫

私の作品に含まれている最も善きもののすべての鼓舞者であり、また部分的にはその著者でもあった彼女--真理と正義とに関するその崇高なる観念は私にとっての最も強い激励であり、またその賞賛が私にとっての主報償であったところの、私の友であり妻であった彼女--その彼女の愛しく悲しき思い出に対して、この書物を捧げる。多年私が書いてきた全ての著作と同じように、本書は私の著作であると同時の彼女の著作でもある。しかしながら、現在の本書は、はかり難い価値を持つところの彼女の改訂を受けることが極めて不十分であった。最も重要な部分のあるものは彼女の更に慎重な再検討を受けるために保留されてあったのであるが、今や再検討は永久に受けられない定めである。もしも私が奥津城深く葬り去られた彼女の卓越した思想と高貴な情熱とを、例えばその半ばでも世間に説明しうるのでありさえするならば、私は、殆ど無比とも言うべき彼女の叡知の激励と助力を得ることなしに私の書きうるところの、如何なる著作から凡そ起こりうる可能性のある利益よりも、更に優れた利益を私は世間に伝えるための媒介者となりうるであろうに。

1. 最初は臣民と政府との間に闘争が起こった。

[*9] 自由と権威との闘争は...臣民又は臣民の中にある階級と政府との間に行われていた。

2. 権力に制限を設けることで自由を手に入れた。その主な方法は憲法である。

[*10] 愛国者たちの目的は、支配者が社会の上に行使することを許された権力に対して制限を設けることであった。そして、この制限こそ彼らの意味する自由なのであった。

[*11] 後になって現れた方策は、憲法による抑制を確立することであって、社会又はある種の団体--社会の利害を代表するものと考えられたような団体--の同意が、統治権の比較的重要な若干の行為に必須の条件とせられたのであった。

3. 統治権が特定の統治者から人民に委譲された。これによって、人民が圧政から免れることができると思われた。

[*12] 今や求められていることは、統治者が人民と同体になるべきであるということであった。すなわち統治者の利益と意志とが、国民の利益と意志でなければならぬということであった。__国民は自己自身の意志に対して保護される必要はなかった__。__国民が国民自身に対して圧政を行う懼れは毫も存在しなかった__。

4. 多数者の暴虐:人民が人民に対して不当に権力を行使することがあり得ることに気付いた。

[*14] 権力を行使する「人民」は、必ずしも、権力を行使される人民とは同じものではない。また、所謂「自治」なるものは、各人が彼自身によって統治されることではなくて、各人が他の全ての人々によって統治されることである。さらにまた、人民の意志は、実際には人民の最多数の__部分__または最も活動的な__部分__の意志だと言うことになる。

日本で真の民主主義が発達しない第一の理由は日本がこのプロセスを民衆の意志でくぐり抜けてきていないからだろう。

[*17]  如何なる人も自己の判断の標準は自分自身の好みであるということを自認しようとはしない。しかしながら、行為の問題に関する或る意見が確固たる理由の上に立っていない場合[*18]には、それは一個人の好みとしての重要性しかないのである。また、理由が与えられているときにも、もそもその理由が、単に他の人々の自己と同様の好みへの訴えであるに過ぎないならば、それは依然として、一個人の好みではなくて、多数人の好みであるに過ぎない。しかしながら、 __普通の人にとっては、多数社が自分と同じ好みを持っていると言うことに支えられた彼自身の好みというものは__、自己の信奉する宗教的信条個条の中に明記されていない類の道徳、趣味、又は作法に関する彼のどんな観念にとっても、__完全に満足すべき理由であるのみならず、一般に彼の提出する唯一の理由とさえなるのである__。

日本で真の民主主義が発達しない二つめの理由がこれだろう。

[*19] 法又は世論によって強制されてきた行動及び忍耐の行為の規則を、決定する今ひとつの大原理は、俗世界の君主たちや彼らの神々の好むところ、又は厭うところのところと想像されるものに迎合しようとする人類の奴隷根性であった。

自律、自らが自らを律することについて

[*28]  責任の強制が妨げられるときには、行為者自身の良心は、空席の裁判官の席に進み出て、外的な保護を得られない他の人々の利益を進んで擁護しなければならない。そして、この場合は、その個人が自己の同胞たちの判決に対して責任を取ることを許さないから、それだけにますます厳格に自分を裁かなければならないのである。

100年以上の昔からこの圧力は変わらず存在する

[*32] 世間一般に、世論の力により、また立法の力によってさえ、個人に圧迫する社会の権力を不当に伸長する傾向がいよいよ増大している。

出版の自由について(言論の自由について)

[*36] 仮に一人を除く全人類が同一の意見を持ち、只一人が反対の意見を抱いていると仮定しても、人類がその一人を沈黙させることの不当であろう事は、仮にその一人が全人類を持っていて、それを敢えてすることが不当であるのと異ならない。

時代によって価値観が変わることについて

[*41]  時代というのもまた、個人に劣らず誤りやすいものであることは、如何に多くの議論をしてもそれ自体自明なことである。各時代は、後の諸時代が、単に誤謬であるのみならずばかげたものとさえ考えた、多くの意見を抱いていた。...現在一般に信じられている多くの意見が、未来の時代によって拒絶されるであろう事も、同様に確実なのである。

現代

[*48] 現代--「信仰を失い、しかも懐疑論を恐怖している」時代と述べられてきた時代--すなわち、人々が自己の意見を真理であると信ずるよりも、むしろ、そのような意見なしには何をすべきかが分からなくなると確信している時代

ミルによるソクラテス

[*53]  ソクラテスは、その時代その国における最も有徳な人であっと彼とその時代とを共に最もよく知っていた人々によって伝えられてきた。...また、プラトンの高貴な霊感とアリストテレスの賢明な功利主義との共同の源泉として知っている。しかも、この二人は、「__学者の中の学者__」(i maestri di color che sanno)であり、道徳哲学その他一切の哲学の源泉である。それ以後世に出てきた全ての卓越した思想家たちの師と認められている人...この人は不敬と不道徳の故を以て有罪の判決を受けた後、彼の同国人によって死刑に処されたのであった。

ミルによるマルクス・アウレリウス

[*55] いやしくも権力を持っている人のうちに、自らを同時代中もっとも善良なまたもっとも学識あるものと考えうる理由を持っている人があったとすれば、それは皇帝マルクス・アウレリウスであった。文明世界全体の専制君主でありながら、彼は生涯を通じて最も欠点のない正義を保持したのみならず、彼の受けたストア的な養育からは一層期待し難く思われたもの、すなわち最も愛情のある心をも持っていた。彼に帰せられる少数の弱点は、全て、寛大に走るという傾向にあった。また、古代精神の産物である最高の倫理的作品すなわち彼の著作は、キリストの最も特徴的な教義と異なっているとしても、その際は殆ど知覚しがたい[*56]程なのである。彼の後に出て世に君臨した、キリスト教徒であることを明示した君主たちの殆どいかなる人と比較してみても、キリスト教徒という言葉の教義的な意味を別とすれば、あらゆる意味において、よりよきキリスト教徒であったところのこの人が、キリスト教徒を迫害したのである。

[*59] 迫害はおそらく真理を傷つけ得ないものであるから、真理を迫害することは是認せられうるという理論は、新たな真理の受容に対して故意に敵対するものとして非難されることはできない。

ミルによるソクラテス

[*66] ソクラテスは死刑に処されたが、ソクラテスの哲学は太陽のごとくに天空に昇り、理知の天空の全体を光被した。

[*70] しかし、終局において正統的な結論に帰着しないような一切の探求を禁止することによって最も堕落させられるものは、異端者の精神ではない。最大の損害を被るものは異端者でない人々であって、異端に陥ることを畏れる余りに、その人々の精神の発達が全て束縛され、その理性の活動が驚かされるのである。

[*70] 思想家としては、それがどのような結論を導き出そうとも、飽くまでも己の知性に随って行くことこそ第一の義務である、ということを認めない者は、とうてい偉大な思想家とはなりえない。

[*151] そもそも社会の中に生きているという事実そのものが、各人は他の全ての人々に対して一定の行為の軌道をどうしても守らねばならぬ、ということを欠くことべからざるものとしているのである。

[*152] ある人の行為が彼自身以外の何人の利益にも影響せず、又は他の人々がそれを好まない限り、彼らの利害に影響を及ぼさないですむ場合には(関係者が全て成年に達しており、また普通の程度の理解力を持っているものとして)、このような問題を取り上げねばならぬ理由は少しも存在しないのである。

John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, 1859

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縛られたプロメテウス

Classical Stage Companyが演じる、AeschylusPrometheus Boundを見た。

縛られたプロミスィアスはいつか解放されるにしても苦痛に満ちている。長い間続くその苦痛はプロミスィアスのように気丈な存在でなければ、精神を破壊されるかもしれない。誰もが自分以上の存在を抱いてはいけない。誰かが誰か理性を持った別の存在を支配することはできない。スピノザもミルもルソーもカミュもそう言ってる。私はそれを信じている。プロミスィアスの天空神への反逆はそれを象徴しているようにも思える。しかし、プロミスィアスが合理的な存在であるとして、洞窟に籠もる人間に炎を与えることはプロミスィアスにとってどのような価値があるのだろうか。プロミスィアスは「人間に炎を与えること」に「自身」以上の価値を見いだしたのだろうか。

画家がPrometheus Unbound以上に、Prometheus Boundを描き、Prometheus Bound以上にPrometheus Phyrphoros (火を運ぶプロメテウス)を描くのは、画家が火を運ぶプロミスゥイアスに共感するからだろう。天空神に反逆して暗い地上を匍う人間に炎を与える。長期に渡る個人的な苦痛と引き替えに、人間に果てない発展と繁栄を与える。

友人が或る会話の中で理知的であれば**を選ぶだろうと言ったときに、私は俄に反駁できなかった。一見、それが合理的な選択であるように思えたから。ただ、心の中で何かが引っかかっていた。Prometheus Boundを見た後に、それはその理知的な合理的な選択に、自分が信じるものに対して信念を貫く精神や、自分が正しくないと思う権威に対して反逆する気丈さや、他者に対して自らを犠牲にしても真に価値のある何かを与える寛容が欠けているからなのではないかと思い至った。そして、それが私がPrometheusの物語に惹かれる理由なのだろう。

本作はアイスキュラスの真作ではないようだが、それでも「Prometheus Unbound」と「Prometheus Pyrphoros」が失われているのは人類の損失だ。

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A Few Memo on Currency

* Expectations and Contagion in Self-Fulfilling Currency Attacks, Todd Keister

* CBOE Volatility Index

* Self-Fulfilling Currency Crises: The Role of Interest Rates, Christian Hellwig, Arijit Mukherji, Aleh Tsyvinski

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PITTSBURGH TERMINAL CORP V. THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO RAILROAD COMPANY

- 680 F.2d 933 (3rd Cir. 1982)
- Legal Issue: Intentional Hiding of a Company’s Spin-off to Convertible Bond Holders
- Factual Issue: Spin-off of MAC (non-rail assets); no notice to the convertible note-holders;

» Issue
- Was there a obligation by the company to notify the advanced record date for the spin off;
- Indenture set no explicit contractual obligation of the notification;

» Facts
- 1. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad tried to screw the convertible bond holders;
- 2. The company tried to declare Spin off; To make sure that nobody would exercise the conversion right before the spin off, the company announce the conversion date and the spin off due date (spin off record date is [[]]; payment date);
- 3. Bondholder brought the suit and claimed that the company should disclose the relevant information;

» Analysis
* 4 Obligations to Notify
- 1. NYSE Listing Rule
- 2. Securities Law
- 3. Fiduciary Duty (actually, no fiduciary duty)
- 4. Contractual Duty

» Holding
- Affirmative Duty to Speak: Those 4 independent sources of duty to speak in the circumstances of this case amply serve, separately or collectively, to distinguish from Chiarella v. United States, supra.

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UCC Section 8-202(1), Most Important Provision for Bonds

» [T]he terms of a security include … those stated on the security and those made part of the security by reference … to the extent that the terms referred to do not conflict with the terms stated on the certificated security …;

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COPELAND & WESTON, FINANCIAL THEORY AND CORPORATE POLICY, CALL PROVISIONS

Many securities have call provisions that allow the firm to force redemption. Frequently, ordinary bonds may be redeemed at a call premium roughly equal to 1 year’s interest. For example, the call premium on a 20-year $1000 face value bond with a 12% coupon might be $120 if the bond is called in the first year. $114 if called in the second year and so on.

The call provision is equivalent to a call option written by the investors who buy the bonds from the firm. The bonds may be repurchased by the firm (at the exercise price, i.e., the call price) anytime during the life of the bond. If interest rates fall, the market price of the outstanding bonds may exceed the call price, thereby making it advantageous for the firm to exercise its option to call in the debt. Since the option is valuable to the firm, it must pay the bondholders by offering a higher interest rate on callable bonds than on similar ordinary bonds that do not have the call feature. New issues of callable bonds must often bear yields from one quarter to one half of a percent higher than the yields of non-callable bonds.

Brennan and Schwartz [1977a] show how to value callable bonds. If the objective of the firm is to maximize shareholder’ wealth, then a call policy will be established minimize the market value of callable debt. The value of the bonds will be minimized if they are called at the point where their uncalled value is equal to the call price. To call when the uncalled value is below the call price is to provide a needless gain to bond holders [uncalled value < called price situation]. Therefore, the firm should call the bond when the market price first rises to reach the call price. Further more, we would never expect the market value of a callable bond to exceed the call price plus a small premium for the floating costs the firm must bear in calling the issue. …

Brennan and Schwartz [1977a] and Ingersoll [1977a] both examined the effect of a call feature on convertible debt and preferred. Unlike simple option securities, convertible bonds and preferred stocks contain dual options. The bondholder has the right to exchange a convertible for the company’s common stock while the company retains the right to call the issue at the contracted call price. One interesting implications of the theory on call policies is that a convertible security should be called as soon as its conversion value, (i.e., the value of the common stock that would be received in the conversion exchange) rises to equal the prevailing effective call price (ie., the stated call price plus accrued interest). Ingersoll [1977b] collected data on 179 convertible issues that were called between 1968 and 1975. The call on all but 9 were delayed beyond the time that the theory predicted. The median company waited until the conversion value of its debentures was 43.9% in excess of the call price. Mikkelson [1981] discovered that, on average, the common stock returns of companies announcing convertible debt calls fell by a statistically significant – 1.065% per day over a two-day announcement period. These securities are inconsistent with the idea that optimal calls of convertible debt are beneficial for shareholders.

Harns and Raviv [1985] provide a signaling model that simultaneously explains way calls are delayed far beyond what would seems to be a rational time and why stock returns are negative at the time of the call. Suppose that managers know the future prospects of their firm better than the marketplace – i.e, there is heterogeneous information. Also, assume that managers’ compensation depends on the firm’s stock price, both now and in future periods. If the managers suspect that the stock price will fall in the future, conversion will be forced now because what they receive now, given conversion, exceeds what they would otherwise receive in t he future when the market learns of the bad news and does not convert. Conversely, managers’ failure to convert now will be interpreted by the market as good news. There is incentive for managers not to force conversion early because the market views their stock favorably now, and it will also viewed favorably in the future when the market is able to confirm the managers’ good news. A paper of similar spirit by Robbins and Schatzberg [1986] explains the advantage of the call feature in non convertible long-term bonds.

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John Maynerd Keynes, A Tract on Monetary Reform (1923)

The long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead. Economists set themselves too easy, too useless a task if in tempestuous seasons they can only tell us that when the storm is past the ocean is flat again.
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Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries, humanevents.com

Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries, humanevents.com

selected by conservative judges. I loved their assessments on "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" (John Maynard Keynes) at top 10, and several books in honorable mentions such as "On Liberty" by John Stuart Mill, "The Origin of Species" by Charles Darwin, "Madness and Civilization" (I am not sure but the title of Japanese translation may be "History of Madness" 狂気の歴史), by Michel Foucault and "Silent Spring" by Rachel Carson

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FIELD V. TRUMP

- 850 F.2d 938
- US 2nd Circuit
- Legal Issue: “best-price rule” § 14(d)(7);
- Factual Issue: Pay’nSave’s payment of $4.2M as option price and “fees and expenses”

» Issue
- Whether the $4.2M received by Stroums constituted a premium of $1.5 per share above the price received by other shareholders, in violation of § 14(d)(7) and Rule 10b-13;

» Rules
* § 14(d)(7) “Best Price” Provision
- Where any person varies the terms of a tender offer or request or invitation for tenders before the expiration thereof by increasing the consideration offered to holders of such securities, such person shall pay the increased consideration to each security holder whose securities are taken up and paid for pursuant to tender offer or request or invitation for tenders whether or not such securities have been taken up by such person before the variation of the tender offer or request or invitation.

* Rule 14d-10 “Best Price”
- (a) No bidder shall make a tender offer unless:
(1) The tender offer is open to all security holders of the class of securities subject to the tender offer; and
(2) The consideration paid to any security holder pursuant to the tender offer is the highest consideration paid to any other security holder during such tender offer.

* Rule 10b-13 Side Transaction Prohibited
- (a) No person who makes a cash tender offer or exchange offer for any equity security shall, directly or indirectly, purchase, or make any arrangement to purchase, any such security (or any other security which is immediately convertible into or exchangeable for such security), otherwise than pursuant to such tender offer or exchange offer, from the time such tender offer or exchange offer is publicly announced or otherwise made known by such person to holders of the security to be acquired until the expiration of the period, including any extensions thereof, during which securities tendered pursuant to such tender offer or exchange offer may by the terms of such offer be accepted or rejected.

* Rule 14d-2(b) The Commencement of Tender Offer
- [a] public announcement by a bidder through a press release, newspaper advertisement or public statement which includes the information in paragraph (c) of this section [namely, the identity of the bidder and the target, the amount and class of the securities sought, and the price to be paid] with respect to a tender offer ... shall be deemed to constitute the commencement of a tender offer [for the purposes of Section 14(d) and rules promulgated thereunder] Except, That such tender offer shall not be deemed to [have commenced under this section] on the date of such public announcement if within five business days of such public announcement, the bidder ... [m]akes a subsequent public announcement stating that the bidder has determined not to continue with such tender offer....

» Analysis
* End Run of “Best Price Rule
- The “best-price rule” of Section 14(d)(7) and Rule 14d-10 is completely unenforceable if offerors may announce periodic “withdrawals” during which purchases at a premium are made and thereafter followed by “new” tender offers. Unless successive tender offers interrupted by withdrawals can in appropriate circumstances be viewed as a single tender offer for purposes of the Williams Act, the “best-price rule” is meaningless.

* Whether an offeror has abandoned the goal of an initial tender offer in announcing a withdrawal of that offer
- As previously noted, where the goal has not been abandoned, a purported withdrawal followed by a “new” offer must be treated as a single continuing offer for purposes of the “best-price rule.”

» Conclusion
- [W]e have explicitly recognized that purchases after a purported withdrawal of a tender offer may constitute a continuation of the offer in light of the surrounding circumstances.

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HANSON TRUST PLC V. SCM CORP.

- 774 F.2d 47 (1985)
- US 2nd Circuit
- Legal Issue: What constitutes “tender offer”
- Factual Issue: Hanson’s private purchase immediately after the termination of its tender offer

» Issue
- Whether Hanson’s cash purchases immediately following its termination of its $72 per share tender offer amounted to a de facto continuation of Hanson’s tender offer, and thus constitutes a “tender offer” within the meaning of the Williams Act;

» Rules
- Purpose of Williams Act: [*55] The purpose of the Williams Act was, accordingly, to protect the shareholders from that dilemma by insuring “that public shareholders who are confronted by a cash tender offer for their stock will not be required to respond without adequate information.” Piper v. Chris-Craft Industries, 430 U.S. 1, 35, 97 S.Ct. 926, 946, 51 L.Ed.2d 124 (1977); Rondeau v. Mosinee Paper Corp., 422 U.S. 49, 58, 95 S.Ct. 2069, 2075, 45 L.Ed.2d 12 (1975).

» Analysis
- From the Purpose: The question turns into “whether there appears to be a likelihood that … there will be a substantial risk that solicitees will lack information needed to make a carefully considered appraisal of the proposal put before them”

- Private Transaction: (1) minuscule solicitation, (2) sophisticated professional, (3) no pressure on seller, (4) no public solicitations, (5) no premium (purchase price $73.5, prevailing market price $72.5-73.5, $1 premium, 1.4%, $74 tender offer available), (6) Introduction (January 8), (7) not contingent, (8) no time limitation,

» Conclusion
- After reviewing all of the undisputed facts, we concluded that the district court erred in so holding [that the private purchases constitute a tender offer in the meaning of Williams Act].

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THE ECONOMICS OF MONOPOLIZATION

Monopoly is not necessarily bad. In certain industries, such as delivery of electric power to consumers, monopoly has traditionally been regarded as the most efficient way to serve the public. Once a single set of electric cables is in place, it can be service an entire city. It would be very costly to have two, three, or more sets of electric wires running through a city, and to give two or more electric companies the eminent domain power to run their wires across private property. For these reasons, electric utilities are generally considered to be “natural” monopolies – that is, firms that can deliver their services optimally if they are permitted to have a monopoly within a certain market. In general, an industry is a natural monopoly if the most efficient size of a plant or installation in that industry will satisfy 100% or more of the entire profitable demand in that market. The other side of the coin, however, is that such natural monopolies are generally priced-regulated by a state, municipality, or some other governmental body.

In industries that are not natural monopolies, most people in market economies believe that monopoly is bad and competition good. Antitrust lawyers and economists generally agree about this, although different groups do so for different reasons. There are both non-economic and economic arguments against monopoly. The non-economic arguments focus on the tendency of monopoly to concentrate large amounts of power in the hands of a few private owners, and on the fact that monopoly pricing transfers wealth away from consumers (who must pay more for monopolized products) and toward monopoly producers (who are able to charge monopoly prices). The economic arguments, by contrast, focus on the tendency of monopoly to cause inefficiency in the production and distribution of goods and services. These inefficiencies result from two aspects of monopoly: monopoly pricing and monopolistic conduct.

At this time you might find it helpful to review the discussion of monopoly in Chapter 2. Figure 1 illustrates the demand, marginal cost, and marginal revenue curves for a firm with substantial market power. A firm with no market power would take the market price as given and produce at the rate at which its marginal cost curve crosses the market demand curve. That would be price Pc and Output Qc in Figure 1. A firm with market power, however, will not take the market price as given; rather it will reduce its output to the point at which its marginal cost and marginal revenue curves intersect []. At that point, one further unit of production would generate greater expenses than income. This is the monopolist’s profit-maximizing price, and it is represented on the graph by Pm. The profit-maximizing output that will generate that price is Qm.

The large triangle 1-3-6 in Figure 1 represents the “consumers’ surplus” generated by a competitive market. Competitive markets maximize consumers’ surplus, and there is a positive correlation between consumers’ surplus and consumer welfare. Consumers’ surplus is the difference between the amount that a particular consumer is willing to pay for a product and the price that consumer must actually pay for it. If a consumer values a product at $1.50 but is able to purchase it at a competitive price $1.00, the transaction generates a consumers’ surplus of 50 cents. If the same consumer must pay a monopoly price of $1.20 there will still be a consumer’s surplus, but it will be reduced to 30 cents. The triangle 1-3-6 illustrates the size of the consumers’ surplus generated in the entire market represented by Figure 1, if the market were competitive.

Monopoly pricing at Pm with monopoly output at Qm, reduces the size of the consumers’ surplus to an area represented by triangle 1-2-4. Rectangle 2-3-5-4 represents lost consumers’ surplus that the monopolist has been able to turn into “producers’ surplus.” Producers’ surplus is the amount by which a producer’s price exceeds the competitive price. If the competitive price of a widget is $1.00 (which includes a reasonable profit, sufficient to attract enw capital into the industry), but a seller with market power is able to sell the widget for $1.20, the transaction has generated a producers’ surplus of 20 cents. Rectangle 2-3-5-4 therefore represents, at least in part, a wealth transfer away from consumers and toward producers. However, as we shall see later, to describe rectangle 2-3-5-4 as a wealth “transfer” is an oversimplification.

What about triangle 4-5-6, which is also lost producers’ surplus? Triangle 4-5-6 represents the traditional “deadweight” loss caused by monopoly. The potential purchasers located along the demand curve between points 4 and 6 would have been willing to pay the competitive price for a widget, but at the monopoly price they refuse to buy and purchase something else instead. These purchasers therefore lose the producers’ surplus they would have obtained by buying widgets in a competitive market; however, their loss does not become a gain to the monopolist, for the monopolist cannot earn money from sales that it doe not make. Triangle 4-5-6 represents resources that are misallocated, or wasted, because of the monopolization.

Monopoly therefore does two things at the same time: it transfers wealth away from consumers and to the monopolist, and it causes a certain amount of deadweight loss because of inefficient buyer substitutions. Both of there reasons have been used at one time or another to support the antitrust laws against monopolization.

Now let us take another look at rectangle 2-3-5-4, which we describe above as a transfer of wealth from consumers to the monopolist. Suppose that a producer is currently manufacturing widgets and selling them in a competitive market and making $50,000 per year in profits. However, the producer discovers that by driving its closest rival out of business, it could price monopolistically and obtain profits of $60,000. How much is it worth to the producer to drive out the rival?

The answer, quite clearly, is $10,000. That is, the ability to obtain (or to retain) market power is valuable, and a profit-maximizing seller will therefore spend money in order to obtain and keep it. In fact, if market power is worth $10,000 a year to a seller, the seller will be willing to spend almost any amount of money less than $10,000 in order to acquire and keep the market power. See R. Posner, Antitrust Law 12-25 (2d ed. 2001). This money can be spent in a variety of ways. For example, it might be spend in research and development that will make the producer more efficient than its rivals. On the other hand, the producer might spend the money sabotaging its rival’s plants or making false advertisements about its own products. The first of these ways is probably socially beneficial, but the second two are almost certainly socially harmful.

In short, rectangle 2-3-5-4 does not necessarily represent a transfer of wealth from consumers to the monopolist. To the extent that the monopolist has spent extra funds in order to acquire the market power, 2-3-5-4 represents money that does not accrue to the monopolist either. Furthermore, if that money has been spent in socially inefficient ways, such as industrial sabotage or predatory pricing, much of rectangle 2-3-5-4 is also pure social, deadweight loss.

Figure 1 thus suggests that monopoly can be inefficient from a purely economic standpoint for two different reasons. Triangle 4-5-6 represents inefficiency caused by inefficient monopoly pricing. However, at least a part of rectangle 2-3-5-4 can represent inefficiency caused by inefficient monopoly conduct – i.e., resources inefficiently spent by the monopolist in attaining or retaining its position.

But there is a third social cost of monopolization that Figure 1 simply fails to illustrate: the social cost of the resources of competitors or others, which might be inefficiently lost by the monopolist’s attempt to attain or retain a dominant position. Consider the Supreme Court’s decision in Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc., 486 U.S. 492 (1988), reprinted in Chapter 9, as an example. Suppose that a cartel of manufacturers of steel conduit corrupts a standard-setting organization by “packing” one of its meetings and forces the passage of a rule keeping plastic conduit off the market. The result is that the steel cartel continues to make monopoly profits on its conduit. Triangle 4-5-6 in Figure 1 represents the social cost of the output reduction that results from the perpetuation of this monopoly. Part of rectangle 2-3-5-4 represents the social cost of the means by which the cartel protected its monopoly – resources inefficiently spent. But what of the social cost of the years of lost research the plaintiff spent in developing a superior product, plastic conduit, that now cannot reach the market? That loss is not even accounted for by Figure 1. It could be far larger than either triangle 4-5-6 or rectangle 2-3-5-4. Although rectangle 2-3-5-4 represents the most the putative monopolist is willing to spend in the creation or maintenance of a monopoly, there is no necessary limit on the size of the inefficient losses it might impose on competitors. Many forms of monopolization, such as predatory pricing, fraudulent petitions to the government, and patent fraud deny competitors the opportunity to use efficiently resources that are already consumed. This is a social cost of monopoly that antitrust, with its prominent concern with the socially costly processes by which monopoly is acquired, must take into account as well. See Hovenkamp, Anti-trust’s Protected Clauses, 88 Mich. L. Rev. 1 (1989); Hovenkamp, Antirust Policy and the Social Cost of Monopoly, 78 Iowa L. Rev. 371 (1993).

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特別調査委員会の調査結果の公表について

* 特別調査委員会の調査結果の公表について, January 30, 2007

事実が小説より興を誘う一例。

* 特別調査委員会の設置について, December 28, 2006

トップが辞任しない限り、自浄作用が働かないという一例でもある。M&Aでsocial issuesが解決しない限りdealが進展しないというのは良く言われることだが、考え方自体は他の事象にも当てはめることが可能。

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稲葉寿、「人口」

人口問題3つ: (1)少子化: 個体あたりの平均出生字数の臨界水準以下への持続的減少、(2)高齢化: 人口集団における高齢人口割合の増加(出生力低下による人口減少過程では不可避。最大の要因。死亡率の低下は促進要因)、(3)人口減少: 出生、脂肪、移動の総合的な帰結

適応と制御: 人口増加を前提とした社会から人口減少、超高齢化を前提としたシステムの組み替えが必要。しかし、人口減少下の社会は持続可能ではないので、定常化又は周期化が必要。変化がなければ絶滅。1999年の出生率、死亡率を続けると2050年に人口9500万人(ピークから3億5000万人減少)、100年で人口4千万人、200年で人口1000万人へ。

人口置き換え水準(臨界出生率): 与えられた死亡率の基で、母親世代と娘の世代のサイズが等しくなるようなTFRの値(2.08)。男が5%多く生まれる。子供を産む前に死亡する女性を考慮。

現在26.7%の結婚期間が妊娠期間より短い。

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MICHAEL JENSEN, AGENCY COSTS OF FREE CASH FLOW, CORPORATE FINANCE, AND TAKEOVERS,

76 Am. Econ. R. 323 (1986)

[*323 f.1] managers were not driven by maximization of the value of the firm, but rather by the maximization of “corporate wealth,” defined as “the aggregate purchasing power available to management for strategic purposes during any given planning period”

[*323] Payouts to shareholders reduce the resources under managers’ power, and making it more likely they will incur the monitoring of the capital markets which occurs when the firm must obtain new capital. Financing projects internally avoids this monitoring and the possibility the funds will be unavailable or available only at high explicit prices;

[*323 f.2] Rents are returns in excess of the opportunity cost of the resources to the activity. Quasi rents are returns in excess of the short-run opportunity cost of the resources to the activity.

[*323] Managers have incentives to cause their firms to grow beyond the optimal size. Growth increases managers’ power by an increasing the resources under their control.

[*323] The theory developed here explains (1) the benefits of debt in reducing agency cost of free cash flows, (2) how debt can substitute for [*324] dividends, (3) why “diversification” programs are more likely to generate losses than takeovers or expansion in the same line of business or liquidation-motivated takeovers, (4) why the factors generating takeover activity in such diverse activities as broadcasting and tobacco are similar to those in oil, and (5) why bidders and some targets tendto perform abnormally well prior to takeover;

[*324] Managers with substantial free cash flow can increase dividends or repurchase stock and thereby pay out current cash that would otherwise be invested low-return projects or wasted.

[*325] In 1984, going private transactions totaled $10.8 billion and represented 27% of all public acquisitions … The evidence indicates premiums paid average over 50%.

[*326] Securities commonly subject to strip practices are often called “mezzanine” financing and include securities with priority superior to common stock yet subordinate to senior debt;

[*328] Free Cash Flow Theory of Takeovers … Free cash flow theory predicts which mergers and takeovers are more likely to destroy, rather than to create, value; it shows how takeovers are both evidence of the conflicts of interest between shareholders and managers, and a solution to the problem. Acquisitions are one way managers spend cash instead of paying it out to shareholders. Therefore, the theory implies managers of firms with unused borrowing power and large free cash flows are more likely to undertake low-benefit or even value-destroying mergers.

Diversification programs generally fit this category, and the theory predicts they will generate lower total gains. The major benefit of such transactions may be that they involve less waste of resources than if the funds had been internally invested in unprofitable projects. Acquisitions not made with stock involve payout of resources to (target) shareholders and this can create net benefits even if the merger generates operating inefficiencies. Such low-return mergers are more likely in industries with large cash flows whose economics dictate that exit occurs.

[*329] Consistent with the data, free cash flow theory predicts that many acquirers will tend to have exceptionally good performance prior to acquisition;

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marcus aurelius, the meditation, internet classic archive

[10:16] No longer talk at all about the kind of man that a good man ought to be, but be such.

http://classics.mit.edu/Antoninus/meditations.10.ten.html

善い人間の在り方如何について論ずるのはもういい加減で切上げて善い人間になったらどうだ。

マルクス・アウレリウス、自省録、岩波文庫


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UNOCAL CORP. V. MESA PETROLEUM CO.

「ユノカル基準」や「ユノカル」でウェブページを検索した結果このウェブページを見つけるビジターが多いので、Unocal Corp. v. Mesa Petroleum Co.のbriefを載せておきます。Unocalは取締役のpoison pillをadoptする権限に関する判例ではありません。これとbusiness judgment ruleについては、Moran v. Household International Inc.を参照する必要があります。

* Supreme Court of Delaware
* 493 A.2d 946 (1985)
* Legal Issue: Unocal Standard (the board of director’s authority to respond to the threat of takeover)
* Factual Issue: Mesa Petroleum’s unsolicited tender offer to Unocal

1. ISSUE PRESENTED

* Did the Unocal board have the power and duty to oppose a takeover threat it reasonably perceived to be harmful to the corporate enterprise?
* If so, is its action here entitled to the protection of the business judgment rule?

2. RULES

- Business Judgment Rule in Takeover Context
* In Pogostin v. Rice, the business judgment rule is applicable in the context of a takeover; (please note below that this is not absolute!)

- Business Judgment Rule
* In Aronson v. Lewis, A “presumption that in making a business decision the directors of a corporation acted on an informed basis, in good faith and in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interest of the company”

- The Result of Business Judgment
* In Sinclair Oil Corp. v. Levien, a court will not substitute its judgment for that of the board if the latter’s decision can be “attributed to any rational business purpose.”

- Board’s Review in Takeover Context
* In Cheff v. Mathes, In the face of this inherent conflict, directors must show that they had reasonable grounds for believing that a danger to corporate policy and effectiveness existed because of another person’s stock ownership; they satisfy that burden “by showing good faith and reasonable investigation”;
* In Aronson v. Lewis, such proof is materially enhanced by the approval of a board comprised of a majority of outside independent directors who have acted in accordance with the foregoing standards;

- Board’s Fiduciary Duty in the Takeover Context
* In Guth v. Loft, corporate directors have a fiduciary duty to act in the best interest of the corporation’s stockholder;

- Limitation of Board’s Act
* In Cheff v. Mathes, the directors may not have acted solely or primarily out of a desire to perpetuate themselves in office; defensive measure is indeed motivated by a good faith concern for the welfare of the corporation and its stockholders, which in all circumstances must be free of any fraud or other misconduct;
* In Schnell v. Chris-Craft Industries, Inc., inequitable action may not be taken under the guise of law;

3. FACTS

- Mesa’s Two Tier “Front-Loaded” Offer (Coercive)
* Mesa Tender Offer: On April 8, 1945, Mesa [a company controlled by T. Boone Pickens], the owner of approximately 13% of Unocal’s stock commenced “front loaded” cash tender offer for 64M shares, (or 37%) of Unocal’s outstanding stock at a price of $54 per share;
* Back End Squeeze-Out: Back-end was the squeeze out merger in exchange for the securities purportedly worth $54;
* 1st Board Meeting: On April 13, Unocal convened the board consisting of 8 independent outside directors and 6 insiders; 13 were present; the meeting lasted 9.5 hours; the eight outside directors advised that the board should reject the offer; then the board unanimously reject the offer; “wholly inadequate”;
* Front Loaded: 1st one is worth more than second one;

- Board was informed from:
* Legal counsel
* Goldman Sachs & Co.
* Dillon Read & Co.

- Defense Measure: Self-Tender
* Self-Tender Price: Initial consideration on the April 13 board meeting is $70-$75 per share amounting $6.1-6.5B
* 2nd Board Meeting: On April 15, the board reconvened and the self-tender terms initially $70 to $80 per share, then decided $72;
* Conditions: (1) If Mesa acquired 64M shares of Unocal, then Unocal would buy the remaining 49% outstanding for an exchange of debt securities par value of $72 per share (“Mesa Purchase Condition”); (2) Mesa exclusion for the offer (“Mesa Exclusion”);
* Announce of Self-Tender: On April 17, 1985 Unocal self-tender commenced, Mesa promptly challenged it by filing this suit in the Court of Chancery;
* Lift of Mesa Purchase Condition: On April 22, the board reconvened and lifted the Mesa Purchase Condition as to 50M shares;
* Mesa Exclusion: Mesa share accepted by Unocal means Mesa’s share will be replaced by other shares; and if Mesa were permitted to tender to Unocal the latter would in effect be financing Mesa’s own inadequate proposal (because Mesa would gain the $72 by self-tender);

- Relationship between Mesa Offer and Unocal Offer
* If a shareholder expects that Mesa succeeds, the shareholder will tender Unocal; but if most of shareholder considers in that way, Mesa can not acquire the enough shares to meet their condition (37%); then Mesa offer fails that means nothing happens. This is designed to occur nothing;

- Lift of Mesa Purchase Condition as to 50M Shares
* Mesa and Shareholders are both unhappy (Mesa’s original offer has premium but Unocal offer frustrate the Mesa offer and perhaps nothing would happen);
* Unocal waived Mesa conditions as to 50M shares (Unocal would acquire the shares regardless of Mesa Purchase condition up to 50M shares); everybody (except for Mesa) can tender the shares and reasonable investors would tender the shares to Unocal offer (or the investors inflict the economic loss);
* (1) all the investors (except for Mesa that means 87% shareholders because Mesa has 13% shares prior to commencement of tender offer) tender the shares to Unocal self-tender offer, (2) Unocal pays $72 worth debt to the shareholders on pro-rata basis (87% shareholder will get $72 worth debt on pro-rata basis), (3) each $72 has certain premium (say, $20), and distribute that premium value ($20 x 50M = $1B) to the shareholders, (4) Mesa is excluded from such value distribution scheme and inflict the loss ($130M = $1B x 13%);
* Consequence: Change from “nothing happens” to “harming Mesa”;

4. APPLICATION

* The board’s power to act derives from its fundamental duty and obligation to protect the corporate enterprise, which includes stockholders, from harm reasonably perceive, irrespective of its source;
* Pogostin, Aronson and Sinclair: [The board’s] decisions should be no less entitled to the respect they otherwise would be accorded in the realm of business judgment; However, “because of the omnipresent specter that a board may be acting primarily in its own interests, rather than those of the corporation and its shareholders, there is an enhanced duty which calls for judicial examination at the threshold before the protections of the business judgment may be conferred.”
- Defense Measure
* Defense Measure Reasonableness Test: If a defensive measure is to come with the ambit of the business judgment rule, it must be reasonable in relation to the threat posted;
* Multi Factor Check: (1) inadequacy of the price offered, (2) nature and timing of the offer, (3) questions of illegality, (4) the impact on “constituencies” other than shareholders (i.e. creditors, customers, employees, and perhaps even the community generally), (5) the risk of non-consummation, and (6) the quality of securities being offered in the exchange;

- Mesa Offer
* Such offers are a classic coercive measure designed t stampede shareholders into tendering at the first tier, even if the price is inadequate, out of fear of what they will receive at the back end of the transaction;

- Unocal Self Tender
* The board stated that its objective was either to defeat the inadequate Mesa offer or, should the offer still succeed, provide the 49% of its stockholders, who would otherwise be forced to accept “junk bonds”, with $7 worth of senior debt. We find that both purpose are valid;

- Mesa Exclusion
* Such efforts would have been thwarted by Mesa’s participation in the exchange offer;
* 1. If Mesa could tender its shares, Unocal would be subsidizing Mesa’s efforts to buy Unocal stock at $54;
* 2. Mesa could not fit within the class of shareholders being protected from its own coercive and inadequate tender offer;

- Reasonableness Test
* We are satisfied that the selective exchange offer is reasonably related to the threats posted;

- Discrimination
* Mesa contends that it is unlawful for a corporation to discriminate in this fashion against one shareholder;
* While the exchange offer is a form of selective treatment, given the nature of the threat posed here the response is neither unlawful nor unreasonable;

- Discrimination and Business Judgment
* If the board of directors is disinterested, has acted in good faith and with die care, its decision in the absence of an abuse of discretion will be upheld as proper exercise of business judgment;
* Unless it is shown by a preponderance of the evidence that the directors’ decision were primarily based on (1) perpetuating themselves in office, or some other (2) breach of fiduciary duty such as (a) fraud, (b) overreaching, (c) lack of good faith, or (d) being uninformed, a Court will not substitute its judgment for that of the board;

- Unocal Test (two prongs)
* Reasonableness Test: The directors must carry their own burden to demonstrate that they had reasonable ground, for believing that a danger to the target company’s corporate policy and effectiveness existed;
* Proportionality Test: the defensive response was reasonable in relation to the threat posed;

- Target Board:
* Effective
* No Shareholder Approval
* Cheap

5. HOLDINGS
* We can not say that the Unocal directors have acted in such a manner as to have passed an “unintelligent and unadvised judgment”;

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M. C. JENSEN AND W. H. MECKLING, AGENCY COSTS AND THE THEORY OF THE FIRM

We define an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principal(s)) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. If both parties to the relationship are utility maximizers there is good reason to believe that the agent will not always act in the best interests of the principal. The principal can limit divergences from his interest by establishing appropriate incentives for the agent and by incurring monitoring costs designed to limit the aberrant activities for the agent. In addition in some situations it will pay the agent to expend resources (bonding costs) to guarantee that he will not take certain actions which would harm the principal or to ensure that the principal will compensated if the does take such actions. However, it is generally impossible for the principal or the agent at zero cost to ensure that the agent will make optimal decisions from the principal’s viewpoint. In most agency relationships the principal and the agent will incur positive monitoring and bonding costs (non-pecuniary as well as pecuniary), and in addition there will be some divergence between the agent’s decisions and those decisions which would maximize the welfare of the principal. The dollar equivalent of the reduction in welfare experienced by the principal due to this divergence is also a cost of the agency relationship, and we refer to this letter cost as the “residual loss”. We define agency costs as the sum of:

1. the monitoring expenditures by the principal ,

2. the bonding expenditures by the agent,

3. the residual loss.

Note also that agency costs arise in any situation involving cooperative effort (such as the co-authoring of this paper) by two or more people even though there is no clear cut principal-agent relationship. Viewed in this light it is clear that our definition of agency costs and their importance to the theory of the firm bears a close relationship to the problem of shirking and monitoring of team production which Alchian and Demsets (1972) raise in their paper on the theory of the firm.

Since the relationship between the stockholders and managers of a corporation fit the definition of a pure agency relationship it should be no surprise to discover that the issues associated with the “separation of ownership and control” in the modern diffuse ownership corporation are intimately associated with the general problem of agency. We show below that an exploration of why and how the agency costs generated by the corporate form are born leads to a theory of the ownership (or capital) structure of the firm.

Before moving on, however, it is worthwhile to point out the generality of the agency problem. The problem of inducing an “agent” to behave as if he were maximizing the “principal’s” welfare is quite general. It exists in all orgnizations and in all cooperative efforts – at every level of management in firms , in and in universities, in mutual companies, in cooperatives, in governmental authorities and bureaus, in unions, and in relationship normally classified as agency relationship such as are common in the performing arts and the market for real estate. The development of theories to explain the form which agency costs take in each of these situations (where the contractual relations differ significantly), and how and why they are born will lead to a rich theory of organizations which is now lacking in economics and the social science generally.”

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ブリーリー、マイヤーズ、コーポレートファイナンス第6版下、日経BP社

[*410] 最後の常識の一つは、次の通りである。二つの会社が同じ対象企業を買収しようとして互いに対抗して値を付け合うことがしばしばある。実質的に、対象企業は競売に付されているのである。そのようなケースにおいては、対象企業が、買収を図ろうとしている他の企業にとってより自分にとっての価値があるものなのか否かを問うべきである。もしその答えがノーであるならば、買収提案競争に加わることには慎重であるべきである。そのような競争に勝つことは、それに負けることよりも高くつくかもしれない。まけても、単に時間を無駄にしたということである。もし勝てば、おそらく過剰な金額を支払ったことになるだろう。

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Burton G. Malkiel, A Rando Walk Down Wall Street, Norton (1973, 2003 8th edition)

Excerpts from "A Rando Walk Down Wall Street"

[*36] By using the call option it was possible to play the market with a much smaller stake as well as get more action out of any money invested. ... Leveraging is any technique that increases the potential reward (and risks) of an investment.

[*39] __The South Sea Bubble__, wrote of John Blunt, a director and one of the prime promoters of the the securities of the South Sea Company, that "he continued to live his life with a prayer-book in his right hand and a prospectus in his left, never letting his right hand know what his left hand was doing."

[*41] They soon received the name of "bubbles," as appropriate a name as coudl be devised. Like bubbles, they popped quickly--usually within a week or so.

[*148] [S]ometimes when you are flipping a fair coin you also get a long string of "head"in a row, and you get sequences of positive (or negative) price changes no more frequently than you can expect random sequences of heads or tails in a row. ... This is what economists mean when they say that stock prices behave very much like a random walk.

[*151] Thus, an accurate statement of the "weak" form of the random-wal hypothesis goes as follows: The history of stock price movements contains no useful information that will enable an investor consistently to outperform a buyer-and-hold strategy in managing a portfolio.

[*245] __No one can consistently predict either the direction of the stock market or the relative attractiveness of individual stocks and thus no one can consistently obtain better overall returns than the market. And while there are undoubtedly profitable trading opportunities that occasionally appear, these are quickly wiped out once they become known. No one person or institution has yet to produce a long-term, consistetnt record of finding moeny-making, risk-adjusted indivudial stock-trading opportunities, particularly if they pay taxes and incur transactions costs.__

[*251] I believe thre are two factors that should prevent us from interpreting the empirical results reported above as a n indication that markets are inefficient. While the stock market may not be a perfect random walk, it is important to distinguish statistical significance from economic significance.

[*272] Thus, I harbor some doubts that we should consider the current array of market prices always represent the best estimate available of appropriate discount value.

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Mr.Children、帚星

Mr.Childrenの帚星の中に幾つかの上昇音型「ほら今日までの僕らに」、「君の心に見つけた」、「夜空に託した祈り」、「優しく淡く弧を描いて」を見つけることができる。それはあまりにも単純に私を勇気づける。チャイコフスキーの幻想交響曲が典型例であるように、私の中に刻まれた音響装置が条件反射を起こさせるのだろ。

曲は典型的なMr.ChildrenのシングルA面の曲だ。アップテンポで、少しの憂いとその後に大きくはないけれど、憂いよりは少し大きめの決意又は希望に彩られている。多彩な隠喩と普段から使われるけれど音楽にはあまり使われない語彙があふれている。韻を踏んではいない。「優しく」「淡く」、「理屈」「退屈」は韻を意図している。

シングルB面に時折みられる皮肉、冷笑、無力感、焦心、はこの曲には現れない。それが少し物足りないけれど、商業的に成功するためにこういう曲を作ることも必要なのだろう。

ドラムはI'll be以降に見られる難易度の高いの細かいリズムの組み合わせで、勢いを保ったまま曲の各場面に合わせて変化を見せる。ベースはchorusで奔放に旋律を奏でる。三つのギターとボーカル(時にピアノ)に加えてベースが音楽を奏でることで、曲の勢いに彩りが加えられる。リズムを刻む役割はドラムに任せて、全編を通してもっとエゴを出してもこのバンドの中では埋もれることがなく、更に曲に深みを与えるかもしれない。

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プラトン、ソクラテスの弁明、久保勉訳、岩波文庫

[*19]アテナイ人諸君、私が係る名声を博したのは、ただ私に一種の智慧があるためなのである。...それは一種の人間的智慧であろう。...これに反して、前述の人たちはおそらく超人間的智慧をでも持っているのであろう。...[*21]とにかく俺の方があの男よりは賢明である、なぜといえば、私たちは二人とも、善についても美についても何も知っていまいと思われるが、しかし、彼は何も知らないのに何かを知っていると信じており、これに反して私は何も知りもしないが、知って居るとも思っていないからである。

[*34] 私を滅ぼすべきものはこれである。...むしろ多衆の誹謗と猜忌とである。それは既に多くの前任を滅ぼしてきた。思うに、また滅ぼして行くであろう。私がその最後だろうというような心配は決して無用である。

[*35] 恥辱に比べては、死やその他のことの如きは毫も念頭に置いてはならないのである。

[*39] それより遙かに大なる災いは、今彼がしていることをすること、すなわち、正義に反して人を死刑に処せんとたくらむことである。

[*41] 私にして若しつとに政治に携わっていたならば、私はもう特に命を失ってしまっていて、諸君のためにも私自身のためにも何の裨益するところもなかったに違いないからである。...諸君似たいし、または他の民衆に対し敢然抗争して、国家に行われる多くの不正と不法とを阻止せんとする者は、何人といえどもその生命を全くすることができないであろう、むしろ、本当に正義のために闘わんと欲する者は、もし彼がたとえしばらくの間でも生きていようと思うならば、かならず私人として生活すべきであって、公人として活動すべきではないのである。

[*42] 私が如何なる人に対しても、死を畏れるために正義に反して譲歩するような者では決してないということと、しかも譲歩しなければきっとまた身を滅ぼすに至るであろうということを、諸君に理解して貰うためである。

[*42] 私は、投獄と死刑とを畏れて、違法決議をした諸君と行動を共にするよりも、むしろ国法と正義の味方となってあらゆる危険を冒すべきであると信じたのだった。

裁判官について

[*48] 裁判官がその席にあるのは...国法に従って裁判することを誓言しているのである。

[*52] 「ソクラテスよ、君はここを立ち退いてから、沈黙して静かな生活を送ることはできないのか、」と。...すなわちもし私が、それは神命に背くことに他ならない、またそれ故にじっとしていることは私にとって不可能である、...魂の探求なき生活は人間に取り生き甲斐なきものである

[*54] むしろ私はかくの如き弁明の後に死ぬことを、そんなにまでして生きることよりも、遙かに優れりとする。

[*55] 最も立派で最も容易なのは、他を圧伏することではなくて、できうる限り善くなるように自ら心がけることである。

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Kornhauser, Economic Analysis of Law, in Zalta (ed.), The Standard Encyclopedia of Philosophy available at Stanford University

Economic Analysis of Law
* Applying the microeconomics to the analysis of legal rules and institutions

5 Philosophical Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law
* 1. Common law legal rules are efficient
* 2. Evaluative Claim/Positive Claim: Legal rules ought to be efficient
* 3. Evolutionary Claim: Legal Processes select for efficient rules
* 4. Individuals respond to legal rules economically.
* 5. Behavioral Claim: Common law doctrines promote efficiency.

2 Standards Thought within Economic Analysis of Law
* Policy Analysis
* Political Economy

3 Questions for Determining Concept of Law
* 1st Internal – The Professional Question: Which public chosen norms out pubic official and citizens use to guide their actions?
* 2nd Internal – Adjudicatory Question: How ought judges to decide cases?
* External Question -- Differentiation Question: How does law differ from other social phenomena such as coercion, morality and policies?

Law’s 4 Functions
* 1. The characterization of socially acceptable behavior,
* 2. Policing of behavior to identify likely instances of deviant behavior,
* 3. Definitive adjudication of non conformity to social norms,
* 4. Sanctioning of deviant behavior

2 Motivation for compliance with law
* 1. Incentives that rely on the self-interest of individuals,
* 2. Acceptance of rules as guides to action

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John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, 1963

It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are a different opinion, it is because they only know their own side of the question. The other party to the comparison knows both sides.

満足な豚よりも、不満足な人間の方が良いだろう。満足な愚者よりも、不満足なソクラテスであるほうが。それで、豚や愚者が違った意見を持つとしても、それは彼らが問題の一面しか理解していないからであり、対する側は両面を理解しているのである。

translation by chiharu nishiya
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Plato, The Crito

法と真実

Do the laws speak truly, or do they not?

公布、同意、離脱

Soc. Then the laws will say: "Consider, Socrates, if this is true, that in your present attempt you are going to do us wrong. For, after having brought you into the world, and nurtured and educated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in every good that we had to give, we further proclaim and give the right to every Athenian, that if he does not like us when he has come of age and has seen the ways of the city, and made our acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his goods with him; and none of us laws will forbid him or interfere with him.

尊厳死

I may say the same of another propostion, that not life, but a good life, is to be chiefly valued?

Translated by Benjamin Jowett

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ヴェーバー、プロテスタンティズムの倫理と資本主義の精神、大塚久雄訳、岩波文庫

[*110] 修道院にみるような生活は、神に義とされるためには全く無価値というだけでなく、現世の義務から逃れようとする利己的な愛の欠如の産物だ、とルッターは考えた。

[*133] こういうわけで、我々は古プロテスタンティズムの倫理と資本主義の精神との関係を探求するに当たって、まずカルヴァンやカルヴィニズム、およびその他の「ピュウリタン」諸信団の達成したところから始めるけれども、といって、これら諸教団の建設者或いは代表者たちが、われわれのいう「資本主義精神」の喚起を何らかの意味で生涯の目的としていたと我々が予期しているなどと、決して解されてはならない。彼らのうち誰かが、世俗的財貨の追求を自己目的とし、それに倫理的価値を認めた、などという風には到底考えがたい。ともかく、我々は特に次の一事をはっきりと確認しておかねばならない。すなわち、改革者のうち誰の場合にも--その中には我々の研究目的上メノー(Menno)、ジョージ・フォックス(George Fox)、ウェズリー(Wesley)などの人々も加えなければならないが--倫理的な改革綱領などといったものは決して中心問題となっていなかった。彼らは決して「倫理[*134]的文化」を目標とする団体の創設者でもなかったし、また人道主義的な社会改革運動やそうした文化理想の代表者でもなかった。彼らの生涯と事業の中心は魂の救済であり、それ以外にはなかった。彼らの倫理的思考やその教説の実践的影響もすべてここに深く根ざしており、従って純粋に宗教的な同期からの帰結に他ならなかった。それ故我々は、宗教改革の文化的影響の多くが--我々の特殊な観点からはおそらくその大部分がといって良かろう--改革者たちの事業から生じた、予期されない、いや全然意図されなかった結果であり、しばしば、彼ら自身の念頭にあったものとは遙かにかけ離れた、あるいはむしろ正反対のものだった。このことは予め確認しておかねばならない。

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スピノザ、神学・政治論、下巻、畑中尚志訳、岩波文庫

[*271] 若し、精神を支配することが舌を支配すると同等に容易であったとしたら、如何なる支配者も安全に統治することができ、凡そ圧政的な支配というものは存在しないであろう。何となれば、その場合、各臣民は支配者の意向通りに生活し、何が真で何が偽であるか、何が善で何が悪か、何が公平で何が不公平かを支配者の決定に準拠してのみ判断するであろうからである。しかし、既に第一七章の始めに注意したように精神が絶対的に他人の権利のもとにあるということは決してあり得ない。何人も己の自然権を、或いは一切について自由に思惟し、判断する能力を他者に委譲したり、他者に委譲するように強制されたりすることはできないからである。この結果、もし支配が精神の上にまで及ぶとしたらその支配は圧政的な支配と見なされることになるし、また、最高主権が、人は何を真として認め、何を偽として拒け、更にまた如何なる見解によって各人は自己の精神を神に対する畏敬へ駆らねばならぬかを各人に規定しようとするなら、その最高主権は臣民に対して不法を犯し、臣民の権利を奪い取るものと見られることになる。こうしたことは各人の権利に属し、何人もそれをたとえ放棄しようと思っても放棄することができないからである。

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パスカル、パンセ、中公文庫

[*199] 295 僕のもの、君のもの。「この犬は僕のだ」とあの坊やたちが言っていた。「これは僕の日向ぼっこの場所だ」ここに全地上の横領の始まりと、縮図とがある。

[*200] 298 正義、力。正しいものに従うのは正しいことであり、もっとも強いものに従うのは、必然のことである。力のない正義は無力であり、正義のない力は圧政的である。力のない正義は反対される。なぜなら、悪い奴がいつもいるからである。正義のない力は非難される。従って、正義と力を一緒に置かなければならない。そのためには、正しいものが強いか、強いものが正しくなければならない。正義は論議の種になる。力は非常にはっきりしていて論議無用である。そのために、人は正義に力を与えることができなかった。なぜなら、力が正義に反対して、それは正しくなく、正しいのは自分だと言ったからである。このようにして、人は、正しいものを強くできなかったので、強いものを正しいとしたのである。

[*217] 330 王たちの権力は、民衆の理性と愚かさとの上に基礎を置いている。そしてずっと多くの愚かさの上にである。この世でもっとも偉大で重要なものが、弱さを基礎としている。そしてこの基準は、驚くばかり確実である。なぜなら、それ以上のこと、すなわち民衆は弱いであろうという以上のことはないからである。健全な理性の上に基礎を置いているものは、甚だ基礎が危うい。たとえば、知恵の尊重などがそれである。

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福沢諭吉、福翁自伝

私がチェーンバーの経済論を一冊持っていて、何か話のついでに御勘定方の有力な人、即ち今で申せば大蔵省中の重要の職にいる人に、その経済書のことを語ると、大層悦んで、ドウカ目録だけでも宜いから是非見たいと所望するから、早速翻訳する中に、コンペチションという原語に出遭い、色々考えた末、競争という訳字を造り出してこれに当てはめ、前後二十条ばかりの目録を翻訳してこれを見せたところが、その人がこれを見て頻りに感心していたようだが「イヤここに争(あらそい)という字がある、ドウもこれが穏やかでない、ドンナことであるか」「どんなことッて、これは何も珍しいことはない、日本の商人のしている通り、隣で物を安く売ると言えば此方の店ではソレよりも安くしよう、また甲の商人が品物を宜くすると言えば、乙はソレよりも一層宜くして客を呼ぼうとこういうので、またある金貸が利息を下げれば、隣の金貸も割合を安くして店の繁昌を謀るというようなことで、互に競い争うて、ソレでもってちゃんと物価も決まれば金利も決まる、これを名づけて競争というのでござる」「なるほど、そうか、西洋の流儀はキツイものだね」「何もキツイことはない、ソレですべて商売世界の大本(おおもと)が決まるのである」「なるほど、そう言えばわからないことはないが、何分ドウモ争いという文字が穏やかならぬ。これではドウモ御老中方へ御覧に入れることが出来ない」と、妙なことを言うその様子を見るに、経済書中に人間互いに相譲るとかいうような文字が見たいのであろう。例えば商売をしながらも忠君愛国、国家のためには無代価でも売る、とかいうような意味が記してあったらば気に入るであろうが、それは出来ないから「ドウモ争いという字がお差支ならば、外に翻訳の致しようもないから、丸でこれは削りましょう」と言って、競争の文字を真黒に消して目録書を渡したことがある。この一事でも幕府全体の気風は推察が出来ましょう。

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ヴェーバー、社会学の根本概念、岩波文庫

[*62]第8節 闘争の概念

行為が、単数或いは複数の相手の抵抗を排して自分の意志を貫徹しようという意図へ向けられているような社会的関係は「闘争」と呼ばれる。現実の物理的暴力行為を内容とせぬ闘争手段は「平和的」闘争手段と呼ばれる。平和的闘争が、他の人々にも同様に得ようとする利益に対して自己の支配権を確立しようとする平和的形式の努力であれば、これは「競争」と呼ばれる。

競争の目的及び手段がある秩序に従っている場合は、「ルールのある競争」と呼ばれる。諸個人や諸類型の間で生存或いは残存のチャンスを巡って行われる、闘争的意図という意味を欠いた潜在的な生存競争は「淘汰」と呼ばれる。個人の一生におけるチャンスが問題であれば「社会的淘汰」と呼ばれ、遺伝的素質のチャンスが問題であれば、「生物的淘汰」と呼ばれる。

[*63]第二項 すべて類型的且つ大量的に行われる闘争や競争では、色々の決定的な偶然とか、運命とかがあるにしろ、結局、平均的に見て、闘争の勝利に不可欠な個人的性質を多く持つ人間が選び出される結果に落ち着くものである。その性質というのが、腕力や非良心的な狡さに優れていることか、知的能力や声量や煽動のテクニックに優れていることか、上司や図に乗った大衆への追従に長じていることか、独創的能力や社会的適応能力に優れていることか、以上とも見える性質や大衆的平均と異ならぬ性質が豊かであることか--それは闘争や競争の条件によって決定されることで、この条件の中には、個人及び大衆のありとあらゆる性質に加えて、闘争行動が--伝統的にせよ、価値合理的にせよ、目的合理的にせよ--従う諸秩序も含まれる。それらの全てが社会的淘汰のチャンスに影響を与えるのである。しかし、全ての社会的淘汰が、私の言う「闘争」であるとは限らない。むしろ、社会的淘汰というのは、さしあたり、行動の或る類型、従って、時には個人的性質の或る類型が、或る社会的関係(恋人、夫、代議士、官吏、現場監督、社長、立派な起業家など)における成功の可能性が大きいという意味に過ぎない。この社会的に選び出される可能性が闘争によって実現されるか否か、更に、この可能性がその類型の生物的な残存の可能性を増すか、それとも、その逆か、これらの点については、社会的淘汰そのものは何も主張するものではない。

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墨子、兼愛上

聖人以治天下為事者也,必知亂之所自起,焉能治之,不知亂之所自起,則不能治。譬之如醫之攻人之疾者然,必知疾之所自起,焉能攻之;不知疾之所自起,則弗能攻。治亂者何獨不然,必知亂之所自起,焉能治之;不知亂之所自起,則弗能治。聖人以治天下為事者也,不可不察亂之所自起。

當察亂何自起,起不相愛。臣子之不孝君父,所謂亂也。子自愛不愛父,故虧父而自利;弟自愛不愛兄,故虧兄而自利;臣自愛不愛君,故虧君而自利,此所謂亂也。雖父之不慈子,兄之不慈弟,君之不慈臣,此亦天下之所謂亂也。父自愛也不愛子,故虧子而自利;兄自愛也不愛弟,故虧弟而自利;君自愛也不愛臣,故虧臣而自利。是何也,皆起不相愛。

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Leon Trotzky, We Need an Army

暴力を支配を打倒するための道具として利用することについて

Leon Trotzky, We Need an Army, March 19, 1918 (speech) ("Our Soviet Socialist Republic needs a well-organized army" Brian MacArthur (editor), The Penguin Book of Twentieth-Century Speeches, 66 (1992)), ("We must arm and fight, so as to ensure the mere possibility of carrying out our programme; and that, if the European proletariat fails to come to our aid in the fatal moment of our tragic lonely struggle, then, by remaining unchanged, we may perish altogether") (urging to have armed forces to defend and endure the ideology they embraced)

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アリストテレス、ニコマコス倫理学、岩波書店

[*106b]かくして、だから、もし全て学術というものがその成果を立派に成就するのは「中」から眼を放たず、これをもってその成果の鏡となすということによってであるとするならば、(事実我々が見事な作品に対して「そこには取り除くべきなにものもなく付加すべきなにものもない」という言葉を呈するのを常とするのもこの故であって、これは、過超や不足は「よさ」を喪失せしめるに反して、「中」はそれを保全するものなることを含意している。良き技術者たちは、われわれにいわせれば、このものから眼を放たずに仕事をしているのである。)もし、しかるに「アレテー」というものは、自然もそうであるが、いかなる学問・技術よりもさらに精密な、さらに優れたものであるとするならば、それはやはり「中」を目指す者でなくてはならないだろう。(もちろん、「アレテー」とはここでは「倫理的卓越性」すなわち倫理的な「徳」を意味している。)

つまり、この種の「アレテー」は情念と行為とに関わるものであるが、これらに於いては過超と不足と「中」とが存在する。例えば、恐怖するとか、平然としているとか、欲望するとか、憤怒するとか、憐憫するとか、その他総じて快楽や苦痛を感ずる問うことは過多と過少とが存しており、これらはいずれもよろしくない。だが、これに反して、しかるべき時に、然るべき事柄について、然るべき人に対して、然るべき目的のために、然るべき仕方においてそれを感ずると言うこと、これは「中」的にして、最善であり、まさしくこうしたことが徳には属しているのである。そして、行為に関しても同じく課長と不足と「中」が存在している。徳は、情念と行為にかかわるが、これらいずれに於いても過超並びに不足は過つに反して「中」は賞賛され、但し気を失わないものなのである。こうしたことは、しかるに、いずれも徳の特色に属する事柄なのである。徳とは、それゆえ、何らかの中庸ともいうべきもの--まさしく「中」(メソン)を目指すものとして--に他ならない。

[*107a]ただし、あらゆる行為あらゆる情念が中庸を有すわけではない。事実、それらの或るものは、直ちに劣悪性と結びついた名称を有している。例えば、悪意、破廉恥、嫉視、また行為でいえば、姦淫、窃盗、殺人など。すなわちすべてこれらやこれに類した事柄はそれ自信劣悪であるが故に非難されるのであって、その超過とか不足とかが非難されるのではない。

Ethica Nicomachea


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ルソー、人間不平等起源論、岩波文庫

[*85]或る土地に囲いをして「これは私のものだ」と宣言することを思いつき、それをそのまま信じるほどのおめでたい人々を見つけた最初の者が、政治社会(国家)の真の創立者であった。

[*102]富を表す記号が発明されるまでは、富はもっぱら土地と家畜とからしか成り立ちえなかった。それが人々の所有しうる現実の唯一の財産であった。ところが、相続財産が数に於いても範囲に於いても増大して地面全体を蔽い、全てが互いに接触するほどになったとき、或る者は他の者を犠牲にしないではもはや拡大することができなくなってしまった。そして無力なためか、または無頓着なために自分の相続分を手に入れることができなくて相続者の数から漏れた者たちは周囲では、全てが変わるのに彼らだけは一向に変わらなかったために、自分は何も失わないのに貧乏になり、やむを得ずその生活の資料を富者の手から貰うか奪うかしなくてはならなかった。そいてそこから、人それぞれの様々な生活に従って、支配と屈従、あるいは暴力と略奪が生まれ始めた。富める者の方でも支配することの快楽を知るようになると、たちまち他の一切[*103]の快楽を軽蔑した。そして新しい奴隷を服従させるために古い奴隷を使い、こうして隣人たちを征服して隷属させることしか考えなかった。それはあたかも、ひとたび人肉の味を知ると、他の一切の食物を捨てて、以後は人間をむさぼりあうことしか望まないあの飢えた狼のようなものである。

このようにしてもっとも強い者、又はもっとも貧困な者がその力又は欲求を、他人の財産に対する一種の権利--彼らによれば所有権と等価なもの--としたので、平等が破られるとともにそれに続いてもっとも恐ろしい無秩序が到来した。つまり、このようにして富める者の横領と、貧しい者の略奪と、万人の放縦な情念が、自然の憐れみの情と未だ弱々しい正義の声とを窒息させて、人々を強欲に、野心家に、邪悪にした。強者の権利と最初の占有者の権利との間に果てしない紛争が起こり、それは闘争と殺害とによって終熄する他はなかった。生まれたばかりの社会はこの上もなく恐ろしい戦争状態に席を譲った。堕落し、悲嘆に暮れる人類は、もはやもと来た道へ引き返すこともできず、不幸にして自ら獲得したものを捨てることもできず、自分の名誉となる諸能力を乱用することによってただ恥をかくことに努めるばかりで、自ら滅亡の前夜に臨んだ。

本田喜代治、平岡昇訳, 1972
Discours Sur L'Origine De L'ine'galite' Parmi Les Hommes, 1755, Jean Jacques Rousseau



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chancellor allen

chancellor allenの第一印象はとてもchancellorという感じではなかった。が、彼のopinionには名言がたくさん含まれている。

Words themselves are imperfect and ambiguous symbols and the human imagination that shapes them into legal commands is inevitably unable to foresee all of the contexts in which the problem adressed will later arise.


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state of denial, bob woodward

*state of denial, interview with bob woodward, npr


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textbooks

*Securities Regulation: Cases And Analysis (University Casebook) (University Casebook) (Hardcover), Stephen J. Choi (Author), Adam C. Pritchard (Author)

*Commentaries and Cases on the Law of Business Organization (Casebook Series) (Hardcover), William T. Allen (Author), Reinier H. Kraakman (Author)

*An Introduction To The U.S. Legal System: Cases And Comments (Carolina Academic Press Law Casebook) (Hardcover), Alberto Manuel Benitez (Author)

*American Law in a Global Context: The Basics (Paperback), George P. Fletcher (Author), Steve Sheppard (Author)


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al gore delivered adress at nyu on the climate crisis

*transcript, al gore

*webcast, al gore

=====================

*Gore Unveils Global-Warming Plan, wp

*Gore Calls for Immediate Freeze on Heat-Trapping Gas Emissions, nyt

*Tokyo stocks lifted by yen weakness, ft

*Japan's Abe, Poised to Lead, Offers Nation Vision of Pride, wp

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japan's key policymaker to resign

*japan's key policymaker to resign, ft

竹中総務大臣が辞任するというftの記事です。短い割に良くまとまっていて良いです。英字新聞は最後の方に象徴的に記事をまとめる一行のエピソードを入れたり、誰かの一行コメントを載せたりすることが多いですが、これは典型例ですね。

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possible Oji v. Hokuetsu (10) - Press Releases in English

By Hokuetsu Paper Mills (Target Company):

*Aug.14,2006/Shareholders' Value Maximization under Independent Management

*Aug.14,2006/Notice Recommending Rejection of Tender Offer by Oji (Amendment)

*Aug.9,2006/Notice Recommending Rejection of Tender Offer by Oji

*Aug.7,2006/Notice Concerning Compietion of Payment for New Shares by Allotment to a Third Party

*Aug.4,2006/Notice Concerning Acquisition of Shares in Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. by Nippon Paper Industries Co., Ltd.

*Aug.3,2006/Notice Recommending Rejection of Tender Offer by OJI

By Oji (Bidding Company):

*Oji's Opinion against Objecction annoucend by Hokuetsu Reference Material(312KB), Aug. 11, 2006

*Regarding Hokuetsu's Press Releases, dated August 9, 2006(20KB), Aug. 10, 2006

*Amendment to Tender Offer Explanatory Statement(140KB), Aug. 9, 2006

*Notice Regarding Amendment to the Public Notice of Commencement of Tender Offer(44KB), Aug. 9, 2006

*Regarding Press Release by Nippon Paper Group, Inc.(32KB), Aug. 4, 2006

*Tender Offer Explanatory Statement(604KB), Aug. 2, 2006

*Public Notice of Commencement of Tender Offer(124KB), Aug. 2, 2006

*Notice Regarding Commencement of Tender Offer(88KB), Aug. 2, 2006

*Business Integration with Hokuetsu Paper(108KB), Aug. 2, 2006

*Business Integration with Hokuetsu Paper Mills(736KB), Jul. 26, 2006

*Proposal of Business Integration with Hokuetsu Paper(640KB), Jul. 24, 2006

Nippon Paper Mills (Third Party who trys to gain up to 10% share in Hokuetsu so as to maintain its influence in Japanese paper market. Not necessarily white knight. On the notice of August 8, they released that they had completed the acquisition of share after they acquire __8.85%__ of shares in Hokuetstu taking into account the new share issue to Mitsubishi):

*2006.8.8 Completion of the Share Acquisition in Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. by our Subsidiary

*2006.8.3 Acquisition of Shares in Hokuetsu Paper Mills, Ltd. by our Subsidiary


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The Justice Harry A. Blackmun oral history project: Video Tapes Description

*The Justice Harry A. Blackmun oral history project: Video Tapes Description

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英米法判例百選第三版

1. Marbury v. Madison (1803)
違憲立法審査権の確立

違法立法審査権の根拠
(1) 憲法第3編2節1項「司法権がこの憲法、合衆国の法律、合衆国の権限の基にすでに締結され、また将来締結されるすべての条約に及ぶ」
(2) 憲法第6編3項 裁判官の憲法擁護義務
(3) 憲法第6編2項 最高法規条項

2. Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
州立法に対する連邦最高裁の司法審査

州立法に対する司法審査権を特別に検討しているわけではない。

17. Palko v. Conneticut (1937)
人権規定の編入理論

本来連邦憲法の権利章典に規定された諸権利は連邦政府についてのみ有効

第14修正1節は州に対してdue processを要求。権利章典は第14修正を通じて州に対して適用されるか? 選択的編入にとどまる。

連邦に対しては第5修正が同様の文言でdue processを規定。

7. McCulloch v. Maryland

(1) 1816年は「国立」銀行設置法? 全国的に運営できるという意味ならnationalの訳語は州際では?
(2) 連邦第1編8節18項 「必要」「適切」

10. Gibbson v. Ogden (1824)
連邦の州際通称規制権

Article 1 Section 8 Paragraph 3
"The Congress shall have power to regulate Commerce with foreign nation and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes."

12. Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority (1985)
州際通商条項と連邦議会の立法権

利益考量テスト -> 衡量

19. Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971)
政教分離

Lemon Test
(1) 世俗的立法目的を有すること
(2) その主要な効果が宗教の促進でも抑圧でもないこと
(3) 政府と宗教の過度の関わり合いを生じせしめないこと
(a) 今後はvaucher制度の合憲性を争う訴訟
(b) カトリック教会に対する米国社会の伝統的冷ややかさ

22. New York Times Co. v. United States (The Pentagon Papers Case) (1971)
事前の抑制

山川洋一郎 法セ 1971-Sep
堀部政男 法セ 1971-Sep through 1972-June

26. Dred Scott Case (Scott v. Sandford) (1857)
奴隷制と合衆国最高裁

最高裁が奴隷制に憲法上の支持

32. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
逆差別

Civil Rights Act, Title VI of 1964

35. The Slaughter House Case (1872)
第14修正の意義

第14修正は手続きに関する保障規定と考えられていたが少数意見の中で私有財産の一般的保護規定と解されている。

1890年代には法が手続き面だけでなく実体面でも適正であることを要求していると解される

39. West Coast Hotel v. Parrish (1937)
Lochner時代の終焉

1897年のAllegoyar v. Louisianaでは最高裁は14修正の「自由」には「契約kを締結する権利」を含んでいると判示。。

本判決は契約の自由を絶対視するLochner時代の終焉を告げる

58. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
被疑者取り調べと弁護士立ち会い権

ミランダの権利告知(Miranda warning)を取り調べの絶対条件に

69. Gregg v. Taylor (1947)
ディスかバリの範囲とワークプロダクトの法理

ディスかバリの意義と機能を高らかに謳う
Work Productの法理を確率
本判決により、秘匿特権とワークプロダクト以外は基本的にディスかバリの対照となるという方向が確立

60. Gregg v. Georgia
死刑の合憲性

死刑は第8修正及び第14修正の禁止する残酷で異常な刑罰に当たらない


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possible Oji v. Hokuetsu (2) - two most salient factors

1. as described in wall street journal (B10 August 2, 2006), "this is real, old-style, traditional Japan slagging it out." Before, Japanese companies tended to avoid the commencement of unsocilited takeover due in part to risking its decent reputation and preserving target company's pride. Oji is paving the way that other companies to follow.

2. as mentioned in timeline, Hokuetsu introduced takeover defense plan. Over one hundred companies adopted the takeover defense plan (including, warrants issue(, but thus far nobody knows its enforceability and legitimacy. this case (if it would be the case) would lead the first legal review and occasion to check its legal validity especially the warrants issue that is the core defense measure to constitute the scheme similar to "flip-in" poison pill.

Note: Nireko's plan was not the same as the plans that most companies adopted in latest one eyar including Hokuetsu's in terms of its legal design. Yumeshin v, Nippon Engineering did not review the validity of the flip-in type pill.)

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possible Oji v. Hokuetsu

March 2006

Oji Paper Co. first approached Hokuetsu Paper Mills Ltd. to discuss combining operations.

July 3, 2006

Oji sent Hokuetsu a formal merger proposal.
Oji requiested Hokuetsu to respond to Oji by 9 am on July 24.

July 19, 2006

the board of Hokuetsu, without sharehoder approval, decided to adopt a so-called "takeover defense plan"

July 21, 2006

Hokuetsu announced business alliance with Mitsubishi Corp, and announced a placement of 50M shares (representing 30.5% of outstanding shares) to Mitsubishi at JPY607 per share (the closing price as of july 21 was JPY635)

Mitsubishi would own 24.4% of voting rights if placement is consummated.

July 23, 2006 "Proposal of Business Integration with Hokuetsu Paper" by Oji issued.

August 2, 2006

Oji announced its commencement of TOB.

Hokuetsu issued the press release that the board of directors of Hokuetsu resolved the objection to Oji's TOB.

External Link:

*Oji Paper's Bid Breaks With Taboo, wsj

*Rare Japanese takeover rejected, BBC

*Oji Hostile Bid Seen as an Opportunity for Nomura to Expand M&A, Bloomberg

*Nikkei edges up in thin trade, reuters

*Oji Paper Launches Hostile Takeover Bid, AP

1. as described in wall street journal (B10 August 2, 2006), "this is real, old-style, traditional Japan slagging it out." Before, Japanese companies tended to avoid the commencement of unsocilited takeover due in part to risking its decent reputation and preserving target company's pride. Oji is paving the way that other companies to follow.

2. as mentioned in timeline, Hokuetsu introduced takeover defense plan. Over one hundred companies adopted the takeover defense plan (including, warrants issue(, but thus far nobody knows its enforceability and legitimacy. this case (if it would be the case) would lead the first legal review and occasion to check its legal validity especially the warrants issue that is the core defense measure to constitute the scheme similar to "flip-in" poison pill.

Note: Nireko's plan was not the same as the plans that most companies adopted in latest one eyar including Hokuetsu's in terms of its legal design. Yumeshin v, Nippon Engineering did not review the validity of the flip-in type pill.)


In page 83 of explanatory document issued by Oji on August 2, 2006, Oji specifically noted the registered warrants.

Oji Claimed that Oji's proposal does not fall iwthin the scope fo the defense plan because:

1. Oji made proposal which predates the announcement of Hokuetsu's plan.

2. Oji propoery provided information to Hokuetsu, and gave sufficient time to consider the proposal.

3. the question which is to be presented under the plan have not been provided to Oji.



August 1, 2006 Oji released its TOB term:

1. Oji Commences TOB

2. Taking into account Hokuetsu's new share issue to Mitsubishi, TOB price sets out JPY800 per share. If the business alliance with and new share assignment to Mitsubishi is withdrawn during the TOB period, the TOB price will be JPY860 per share.

Premium of 34% to the average closing price from June 1, 2006 to June 30, 2006 plus adjustment to new share issue and business alliance.

3. Oji has 3.42% shares in Hokuetsu prior to commencemnet of TOB

4. TOB Period: August 2, 2006 to September 4, 2006 (34 days)

5. number of shares to be acquired:

100,818,239 (50.0004%)

the formula is:

((164,052,054 [outstanding shares indicated in annual report filed on June 28, 2006] + 50M [new share issues to Mitsubishi] - 1,187,576 [treasury stock]) / 2) - 5,614,000 [shares trusted to trust bank as a part of employee pension fund]

if the shares tendered to the TOB does not exceed 100,818,239, then Oji will not purchase any of them. If it exceeds, then Oji will purchase all.


Yoshio Takahashi, Hiroyuki Kachi and Arran Scott, Deals & Deal Makers, "Nippon Paper Adds Wrinkle to Oji's Bid for Hokuetsu, Wall St. J., August 4, 2006 at C4

August 4, 2006 Nippon Paper announced it has an 8.49% stake in target Hokuets Paper Mills Ltd, and wants to join its aliance with Mitsubishi. Furtehr, Nippon Paper said that it plans to raise its stake in Hokuetsu to as much as 10%.

--

We are now waiting the outcome of Hokuetsu' indepent committee's review. If it would recommend the anti-takeover measure, most possible measure would be the warrants distribution.

such warrants distribution inflicts a loss on Oji. Oji would try to avoid it happening. if it is the case, it would lead the standoff in the court.



July 19, 2006

1. Enterprise value, hence, the common interest of shareholders
(a) the purchase that impare enterprise alue and common interest of the shareholders
(b) the coersive purchase
(c) the purchase that does not give enough time and information to shareholders
(d) etc

2. page 3 "Further, we realize that the high motivationo with solidality of our group companies consist of the highly important part of its enterprise value. In this contexst, the relationship with local community where the company and its business are locates is important as well." they do not exclude the employee and relationship with the local communicty as a part of enterprise value.

3. the plan request the possible buyer:
(a) to present the necessary information to independent committee to examine the terms of tender offer;
(b) to refrain from commencing the takeover;

4. the board of director will not take counter procedure:
(a) unless buyer does not comply with the procedure under plan; or
(b) as the result of utmost respect of the outcome from independent committee.

5. Plan is effective until the end of the general shareholders meeting of 2007. Hokuetsu offers several other sunset clause.



August 7, 2006

Nothing happend in regards to Hokuetsu's neww share Issue. Oji did not challenge the terms of such new share issue though as a shareholder Oji would inflict a potential loss from discounted price issue.

While there are a few precedents regarding the share warrants issue in Japan, there are much more precedens in the field of new share issuance which is a tool for the board of directors to contest the possible takeover threat.

I do not know why Oji did not contest, but it might be possible that Oji take no action because Mitsubishi Corporation is so prominent and influencial in Japanese market. However, it is also true that Hokuetsu could well justify its share issue in light of past established jurisprudence regarding the new share issue in time of contesting the control of magagement.


August 8, 2006

Hokuetsu's Independent Committee recommended the board of directors of Hokuetsu to take counter measure against Oji's tender offer. It is the outcome of meticulous consideration by Hokuetsu's Independent Committee convened on August 2, 2006.

"The notice regarding the recommendation to effect the counter measue" issued and released on Hokuetsu's web site. The indepenedent committee itself does not specify how to respond to Oji's tender offer but it explicitly mentions that "in light of the fact that the counter measure under this defense measure (including the flip in type warrants) generally influence the rights of the current shareholders etc, and that objective background situation that should be considered to effect the counter measure are fluid, this independent committee advises, when it resolves the counter measure against Oji's tender offer in accordance with this recommendation, the board of directors should propery judge when to effect the counter measure taking into account the necessity of the counter measure and the effect to Hokuetsu itself and Hokuetsu's shareholders etc, and other factors."

I have entitled the articled __possible__ Oji v. Hokuetsu and it is close to becoming the article "Oji v. Hokuetsu."

The members of the Independent Committee are:

Mr Toshiji Satoh (Chair) -- Former judge, attorney, professor at Waseda University, and auditor of Hokuetsu;

Mr Kazuo Uchida -- Former officer at Kanto Shinetsu Regional Tax Office, tax attorney and auditor of Hokuetsu;

Mr Hiroshi Ikeda -- Ritual Shinto's worship, Niigata Sogo School's Chairman, (it seems that Mr Ikeda represents the persons at Hokuetsu Region);


Hokuetsu's Indpendent Committee does not properly respond to the questions given by Oji which I mention in the article "possible Oji v. Hokuetsu (3) - Hokuetsu Plan."

Briefly speaking, Oji claims that Oji's tender offer shall not be obstructed by Hokuetsu's defense measure because:

1. Oji made proposal which predates the announcement of Hokuetsu's plan.

2. Oji propoery provided information to Hokuetsu, and gave sufficient time to consider the proposal.

3. the question which is to be presented under the plan have not been provided to Oji.

Hokuetsu's independent committee regards the statement above by Oji as Oji's intention not to obey the procedures set out by Oji's board of directors and use it as a reason to justify the effect of the counter measure.


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敵対的企業買収の法理論、本穰

九州大学出版会(2000)

1. 資金調達目的ではなく、対抗措置と認定することにより真の広い利害関係に基づく判断が可能となる。
2. Business Judgment Rule (1) in making business decision, (2) on an informed basis, (3) in good faith (4) in the honest belief that the action taken was in the best interest of the company
経営者による事業決定について、会社の経営者が、事業決定をなすに当たっては、情報に基づき、誠実になされた行為が会社の最善の利益になると正直に信じて行為した者と推定する。
(なお、攻撃側に上記を覆す責任)
3. 不公正発行に当たるか否かでの考慮点
■ 発行価額の低さ
■ なぜ友好的な者にのみ割り当てたか
■ 新株取得者の議決権行使の影響力
■ 買収者が支配を奪われることになるか
■ 計画が長期にわたり考慮されたか否か
■ 資金調達の必要性の有無
■ 経営者の行為の中に買収を妨げるものがあるか
■ 長期間考慮したか否か
■ 新株発行市場
■ 新株主の影響力
■ 希釈化が起こることに対する経営者の意図、様態、目的
4. Business Judgment Ruleが否定された場合、Entire Fairness Standard – fair dealing (公正な取引)、fair price(公正な価格)
5. Unocal
取締役会に対抗措置を執る権限があるか
あるとすればBusiness Judgment Ruleは適用されるか?

会社は株主と選択的に取引しても良い。取締役会は単なる受動的な道具ではない。
会社支配への脅威がある場合で、an enhanced dutyに関する司法審査
■ 危険が存在することに関する合理的な根拠の証明
■ 執られた措置が生じた脅威との関係で合理的であることの証明
両方の証明は取締役会によって行われる
6. Blausis
誠実に非利己的に株主の議決権の実効性を妨害する場合、Unocal基準は適用されず、さらに厳しい基準が採用される。当然向こうではなく、
■ 正当化の事由を説明する重い責任
7. Stroud
Unocal基準の範囲なで、株主の議決権を保護する特別の重要性を認識
8.
9.
10. まずは、Unocalに基づいて
■ 危険が存在することに関する合理的な根拠の証明
■ 執られた措置が生じた脅威との関係で合理的であることの証明
を行う。
もし、Unocalが満たされている場合、Business Judgment Ruleに基づいて、当該判断が尊重される。攻撃側に上記を覆す責任がある。
11. Blausis基準は、後者の「執られた措置が生じた脅威との関係で合理的であること」の要求の範囲内で、株主の議決権保護の重要性を認識する。
12. 覆された場合、裁判所が、経営者の当該決定、行為に関して、通常公正な取引、と、公正な価額の両面にわたり、厳密な審査を行う。覆されない場合、経営者の判断を代えることはしない。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/18/06 09:45:39 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 18274 x. ]

読書

*英米法総論 下, 田中英夫

*13日間―キューバ危機回顧録, ロバート・ケネディ

*八月の砲声 上, バーバラ・W・タックマン

*八月の砲声 下, バーバラ・W・タックマン

*群盗, シラー

*ゲリラ戦争, ゲバラ

別にゲバラが好きなわけではありません。TVシリーズの攻殻機動隊の2ndシーズンがゲバラをfeatureしている様に思えたので(1st seasonのidolもそうですが)、読んでみただけです。

*エロティシズム, バタイユ

*墨子, 墨子

*海辺のカフカ 上, 村上春樹

*海辺のカフカ 下, 村上春樹

*大統領の陰謀, ボブ・ウッドワード, カール・バーンスイタイン

*闇の奥, コンラド

*プロテスタンティズムの倫理と資本主義の精神, ウェーバー

__近代__資本主義はプロテスタンティズムにみられる合理性と禁欲を以て発達した。古代ユダヤ教、仏教、イスラム教等は場合によっては資本主義をembraceしたが、それが__近代__資本主義にまで発展することはなかった。

ウェーバーが資本主義の精神と言うときは大抵、「近代」資本主義の精神。また、資本家精神とも区別される。「資本主義の精神」には資本主義の一部を構成する労働者も考慮される。

「天職義務」に関する部分は現在には当てはまらない。進化した理論が必要だろう。

* 敵対的企業買収の法理論徳本穣

*「ゲーテとトルストイ」, トーマス・マン

*「みずうみ」, シュトルム

*「ケネディ登場」, ケネディ演説集

*「社会学の根本概念」, ウェーバー

*ユダヤ人問題によせて, マルクス

*複雑系, M・ミッチェル・ワールドロップ

*新憲法の誕生, 古関彰一

*英米法総論, 田中英夫

未だ上巻だけ。

*フランクリン自伝

未だ読んだことがなかったので。

*智恵子抄, 高村光太郎

未だ読んだことがなかったので。

*M&A最強の選択, 服部暢達

*学問芸術論, ルソー

学生時代に読んだきり。久しぶりに読み返す。学生の頃と違い、幾つか同意できない部分も。

*argument without end, Robert S. McNamara (Author), James G. Blight (Author), Robert K. Brigham (Author), Thomas J. Biersteker (Author), Herbert Y. Schandler (Author)

*神学政治論, スピノザ

*アウグスチヌス「告白」講義, 矢内原忠雄

*最終講義, 西脇順三郎

*ダンテ神曲講義, 矢内原忠雄

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/06 11:28:43 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18399 x. ]

カバー曲

時にカバー曲をオリジナルより好きになったりする。カバーするアーティストが上手に自分なりに味付けをしたり、原曲の持ち味を先鋭化させたりする。

椎名林檎がradioheadの「creep」を歌い、sean lennonとalanis morissetteが「dear prudence」を歌う。alanis morissetteは反戦の意味も込めて、曲の最後に「we can work it out」と付け加える。mr. childrenが「where have all the flowers gone?」を歌い、矢井田瞳が「fast car」を歌う。craig davidが「come together」を歌い、eddie vedderが「thes they are a-changing」を歌う。oasisは沢山の曲をカバーしていて、その中でも「my generation」と「i am the walrus」のカバーがとても良い。oasisの曲のカバーではrobbie williamsの歌う「wonderwall」が好きだ。奥田民生が「you've got to hide your love away」をカバーしていたことがあるけれど、その歌い方はoasisが歌う「you've got to hide your love away」そのままだった。

sean lennonはdear prudenceの他にも父親の曲をカバーしている。「julia」や「imagine」を。

kurtがドラムをたたけるjohn lennonになりたかったように、誰もが誰かにあこがれてその偶像との同一化を願うのだろう。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/06 11:25:26 ] to [ arts - music ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 19588 x. ]

thom yorke interview by nytimes

*thom yorke interview by nytimes, nyt

in addition, it is worth to mention that we can listen to the interview with haruki murakami by nytimes. fortunately, it is free (might be free registration required).

*haruki murakami interview by nytimes, nyt


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/06 10:40:15 ] to [ arts - music ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18721 x. ]

about him

if there is a thing i could affirm regarding him, it is that he believe all the things he has done are good things. he might be blind about it, but anyway i do believe that he believe he is on the right bright just side. threrefore, he can make a smile when he stands in front of his supporters.
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/06 10:25:02 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17642 x. ]

パスカル、ホッブス、nytimes

*パスカル「パンセ」 [1-8]

人を有益にたしなめ、その人に間違っていることを示してやるには、彼がその物事をどの報告から眺めているかに注意しなければならない。なぜなら、それは通常、その方面からは真なのであるから。そして、それが真であることを彼に認めてやり、その代わり、それがそこからは誤っている他の方面を見せてやるのだ。彼はそれで満足する。何故なら、彼は自分が間違ったのではなく、ただすべての方向を見るのを怠っていたのだろ言うことを悟るからである。ところで人は、全部は見ないと言うことについては腹を立てないが、間違ったとは思いたがらないものである。これはおそらく、人間というものはあらゆるものを見ることなどできないのが自然で、また自分が眺めている方向についてならば、間違い得ないのが自然であると言うことに由来するのであろう。感覚の知覚というものは常に真であるから。

パスカル「パンセ」 [2-27]

雑、言語。
言葉に無理強いして対照法を作る人はは、均整のために矢倉窓を作る人と同じことをやっている。彼らの方針は、正しく話すことではなく、修辞学の形に正しく則ることなのである。

*Scholars Agree That Congress Could Reject Conventions, but Not That It Should, nyt

*ホッブス「リヴァイアサン

Desire to know why, and how, curiosity; such as is in no living creature but man: so that man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but also by this singular passion from other animals; in whom the appetite of food, and other pleasures of sense, by predominance, take away the care of knowing causes; which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight in the continual and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceedeth the short vehemence of any carnal pleasure.
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/06 08:43:49 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 2 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17870 x. ]

npr interview with george soros and secretary rumsfeld

George Soros, Maintaining Political Interest

Rumsfeld: Period After Iraq Election Critical
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/20/06 08:55:22 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 2 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 17384 x. ]

how to learn to stop worrying and love the plan

While the listed companies adopted the plan as a counter measure against takeover, it is not clear for everybody that the measure has the real effect to deter the takeover attempt by possible buyers. Some might say that there are over one hundred companies to adopt the plan and thus far there is only one case that the buyer defy and commence the procedure of "take over bid" under securities law (Yumeshin Case) and it exemplify the effect to dissuade to commence the acquisition. Some also might say that, as Yumeshin Case shows, the possible buyer might not look the plan as the valid measure against the takeover and the future willful buyer would trample down the Japan-style plan.

We do not have enough cases, nor lapse of time. But I do think that it has, currently, the real power that the possible acquirer could not ignore because:

(1) Nobody knows wheather the court will grant the Japan-style plan or not. Everyone says something they wish. We have a lot of opinions by scholars and especially by lawyers who devised it that such plan should be (must be) granted but we will not know wheather it is valid under Japanese laws.

(2) To know wheather it is valid or not, we need a case to test it. But it is difficult to bring the validity to the court until the plaintiff actually acquire the share to the extent that effectuate the plan. Even if you are somewhat confident that the Japan-style pill should be invalid and void, it would be difficult to assume the risk to lose the case and incur the economic damage by the dilution of share.

Therefore, we need one courageous person who could reap the fruit of legal validyty before the court.


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 05/31/06 03:05:35 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 1 month, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18629 x. ]

Japan Takeover Update: Wrap-up Recent Takeover Trends

Japan Takeover Update: Wrap-up Recent Takeover Trends

Everything has its direction. Everything has its trend. Everything has the time to diffuse and converge. En the end, everything has its floating equilibrium.

Where we apply them to japan's poison pill situation, the current phase is to produce varied plans by almost every law firm in japan. The legal developments with regard to the plan gave the general and rough direction to head but obviously these developments are not conclusive, final nor ultimate. these are the outset of the business and includes:

(A) Livedoor v. Nippon Broadcasting Case
(B) Nireko Case
(C) Yumeshin v. Shin Nihon Gijutsu Kaihatsu Case
(D) Mitsui Trust v. UFJ Case
(E) Corporate Value Study Group's Corporate Value Report (企業価値研究会の報告書)
(F) Tokyo Stock Exchange's Listing Standard Change (東京証券取引所)
(G) The Liberal Democratic Party (自民党): please note that LDP is ruling conservative party having been ruling almost all time after WWII.
(H) Pension Fund Association (企業年金連合会)
(I) Enforcement of new Company Code 会社法施行
(J) Adoption of Plan by listed companies各社によるプランの導入
(K) Amendment of Articles of Association by listed companies定款変更
(L) Major Shareholder Activist, Quasi-Greenmailer

External Link:

■企業年金連合会「株主議決権行使基準の策定について」をHPに掲載(10日) http://www.pfa.or.jp/top/jigyou/pdf/gov_20030220.pdf


The direction thus far and the looming equilibrium are, in brief,

(i) The courts grants the existence of power that authorizes the director to take counter measure against takeover activities.
(ii) Such power is clearly granted under the case of emergency but limited to certain extent. It is not so much clear wheather the director has the same rights in the peace time.
(iii) The constituencies considered as a beneficiary of directors' counter measure surely include the shareholder but other consitituencies (such like employees) might or might not be granted to be considered.
(iv) The excessive counter measure might be suspended. Even if it is not so much excessive and not be suspended, it might also be possible that such excessive measure leads director's liability and derivative litigation.


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 05/29/06 06:15:57 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 1 month, and 1 week old ] [ viewed: displayed 20412 x. ]

o'reilly v. krugman

full transcript of o'reilly v. krugman at cnbc, moderator tim russert,

and quicktime format of o'reilly v. krugman

keywords: paul krugman, bill o'reilly, cnbc, tim russert, quasi-socialist, The federal government is, basically, a big insurance company that's got a sideline business in national defense
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 05/10/06 01:17:06 ] to [ news - resources ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 1 month, 3 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17559 x. ]

pension fund association reacts japanese companies' introduction of poison pill

*pension fund association in japan published its voting guideline for companies' anti-takeover measure, pension fund association

1. the Association would approve the rights plan which is introduced in peacetime [i.e. the time when no clear or present threat to the takeover of the company] and which mets all of the conditions as follows:

(1) there is enough explanation at the time of the introduction regarding the introduction of the measure would contribute to the advanement of the long-term shareholder value.
(2) the measure would obtain the shareholders' approval
(3) at the time of emergency [i.e. a company/person attempts to takeover the company], the invocation, redemption and maintenance should be checked by the outside board etc who have no interest with the company. or the condition of invocation, redemption or maintenance should be clearly set out and there is no room for managers to exercise its arbitrary decision.
(4) the term should be limited (e.g. 2 or 3 years). if it is renewed, the shareholders' approval should be obtained again.

2. Golden Share, Multiple Voting Stock, Dead-hand type anti-takeover measure and other anti-takeover measure, in principle, shall not be approved because of its possibility to impair shareholder value.

keywords: japan, japanese, takeover, antitakeover measure, poison pill, shareholder rights plan, golden share, multiple voting stock, dead hand pill, pension fund association, voting standard

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 04/09/06 06:47:14 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 2 months, 3 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17905 x. ]

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry issues Corporate Value Report 2006

Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry issues Corporate Value Report 2006, March 31, 2006

English summary is --

Release of “Corporate Value Report 2006: Toward the Firm Establishment of Fair Rules in the Corporate Community”

The Corporate Value Study Group, chaired by Prof. Hideki Kanda of the University of Tokyo Graduate Schools for Law and Politics, has released a report on rules suggested for companies to follow in disclosing their defensive measures against acquisition, in going public, and in making acquisitions.

Keywords: Corporate Value Report 2006, Meti, Ministry of Economics, Trade and Industry, Hideki Kanda, takeover, poison pill, disclosure, defensive measures against acquisition,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 03/31/06 03:53:00 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 3 months, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16325 x. ]

nippon steel adopts poison pill defense, ft

*Nippon Steel adopts poison pill defence, ft

*lex: japanese poison pill, ft

*当社株式の大量買付けに関する適正ルール(買収防衛策)の導入及び新株予約権の発行登録に関するお知らせ, March 29, 2006 (japanese)

*新日本製鐵蝓住友金属工業蝓Ν蠖生誉醜歃蟯屬力携施策の推進状況と更なる深化を確実にするための三社覚書締結について, March 29, 2006 (japanese)

*当社株式の大量買付けに関する適正ルール(買収防衛策) ( 2006/03/29 ), March 29, 2006 (japanese)

*Nippon Steel Announces the Adoption of Fair Rules for the Acquisition of Substantial Shareholdings (Takeover Defense Measure) and the Shelf Registration of Stock Acquisition Rights, March 29, 2006 (english)

*FAIR RULES FOR THE ACQUISITION OF SUBSTANTIAL SHAREHOLDINGS (TAKEOVER DEFENSE MEASURE), March 29 2006 (english)

*Progress in Tie-Up Measures by Nippon Steel, Sumitomo Metals and Kobe Steel, and Agreement on Further Enhancement of Cooperation, March 29 2006 (english)

*m and a rules in japan -- a (provisional) presentation material by ministry of economy, trade and industry, may 2005 (english)

*corporate value report by ministry of economy, trade and industry, may 27, 2005 (english)

according to financial times, lazard freres (as an investment bank) and sullivan and cromwell -- the quintessential blue blood firm (as an legal firm) advised nippon steel. further, it is noted in the ft article that this plan reportedly is in accordance with the meti (the japan's ministry of economy, trade and industry) and in this respect i would like to mention that the sullivan and cromwell and lazard freres were explicitly acknowledged in the corporate value report (which became the foundation of the guideline) for its contribution for releasing the information to foreign press. (「株式会社ラザードフレールとサリヴァン・アンド・クロムウェル外国法事務弁護士事務所には、企業価値研究会に関する海外プレスへの広報戦略に関するアドバイスをいただき、当研究会の活動が海外プレスから好意的な評価を得る一助となった。」"Lazard Freres and the Sullivan and Cromwell Law Office gave us advice about overseas public relations strategy regarding the Corporate Value Study Group. Their advice assisted the Study Group in receiving a favorable response from the foreign press.") I do believe that they use this ability again to garner and enhance their reputation.

Key Points
===============

当社は、当社に対し買収提案が行われた場合に、これを受け入れるか否かの最終的な判断については、その時点における当社株主に委ねられるべきものであると考えます。

かかる本ルールの目的を達成するため、第5項(1)に定める場合に限り、同項に定義する本新株予約権が発行されます。

当社取締役会が、国際的評価を得ている法律事務所及び国際的評価を得ている投資銀行等との協議又はその助言に基づき、当該買収提案者が下記(ア)ないし(エ)のいずれかの類型に該当し、当該買収提案が株主共同の利益に対する明白な侵害をもたらすおそれのあるものであると判断していないこと。

(ア) 真に会社経営に参加する意思がないにもかかわらず、ただ株価をつり上げて高値で株式等を会社関係者に引き取らせる目的で買付けを行う者(いわゆるグリーンメイラー)
(イ) 会社経営を一時的に支配して当社の事業経営上必要な資産(製造設備、知的財産権、ノウハウ、企業秘密情報、主要取引先や顧客との取引等)を買収提案者やそのグループ会社等に移譲させるなど、いわゆる焦土化経営を行う目的で買付けを行う者
(ウ) 会社経営を支配した後に、当社の資産を買収提案者やそのグループ会社等の債務の担保や弁済原資として流用する予定で買付けを行う者
(エ) 会社経営を一時的に支配して、当社の事業に当面関係していない不動産、有価証券など高額資産等を売却等処分させ、その処分利益をもって一時的な高配当をさせるかあるいは一時的な高配当による株価の急上昇の機会を狙って株式等の高値売り抜けをする目的で買付けを行う者

The language of this part is very similar to the four examples shown in the high court decision made in course of nippon broadcasting system v. livedoor -- almost word by word but not identical. The four examples (quoted below) are the cases that the high court permits to take a response against such purchasing shares

--- quote from high court decision ---

/燭鵬饉匏弍弔忙臆辰垢覦媚廚ないにもかかわらず,ただ株価をつり上げて高値で株式を会社関係者に引き取らせる目的で株式の買収を行っている場合(いわゆるグリーンメイラーである場合),
会社経営を一時的に支配して当該会社の事業経営上必要な知的財産権,ノウハウ,企業秘密情報,主要取引先や顧客等を当該買収者やそのグループ会社等に移譲させるなど,いわゆる焦土化経営を行う目的で株式の買収を行っている場合,
2饉匏弍弔鮖拉曚靴晋紊法づ該会社の資産を当該買収者やそのグループ会社等の債務の担保や弁済原資として流用する予定で株式の買収を行っている場合,
げ饉匏弍弔魄貉的に支配して当該会社の事業に当面関係していない不動産,有価証券など高額資産等を売却等処分させ,その処分利益をもって一時的な高配当をさせるかあるいは一時的高配当による株価の急上昇の機会を狙って株式の高価売り抜けをする目的で株式買収を行っている場合

--- end of quote ---


keywords: nippon steel corporation, sullivan and cromwell, lazard freres, poison pill, japan, japanese, high court decision, livedoor, nsc, takeover, anti-takeover measures, steel industry, mittal


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 03/29/06 19:29:54 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 3 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 19666 x. ]

Tape: Bush, Chertoff Warned Before Katrina

*Tape: Bush, Chertoff Warned Before Katrina, wp

ap obtained the video tape in which bush was warned before katrina.

as wit the time of 911, bush was taped at the time of great danget and he showed his indifference and the lack of leadership as well as the lack of perspicacity.

would this be the bush-katrina-gate?

BUSH: "My opponent looked at the same intelligence"

keywords: president bush, katrina, ap, washington post, bush, katrina-gate, bush katrina tape, bush katrina scandal


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 03/01/06 16:01:21 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17920 x. ]

don quijote's capriccio: update

*Don Quijote to cede Origin stake to Aeon, the japan times

*Acquisitive Don Quijote posts 13% profit rise, the japan times

*Don Quijote shocks Origin by boosting stake to 46%, the japan times

*Aeon to launch friendly bid for Origin Toshu, the japan times

*don quijote to cede its shares in origin in response to aeon's tob.

each companies' press release

*origin toshu
*aeon
*don quijote
*shinko securities

keywords: don quijote, aeon, origin, origin toshu, origin bento, don quixote, press release, japan times,


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/28/06 01:37:11 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, and 1 week old ] [ viewed: displayed 16460 x. ]

don quijote to tender shares in origin to aeon's tob

according to the nikkei and mainichi news paper, don quixote agreed to tender its share in origin toshu to aeon, the white night of origin toshu and who took the tob procedures, both company agreed it on february 24, 2006. according to the nikkei, don quijote currently holds47.82% share in origin toshu, the boxed-meal chain.

*Don Quijote to cede Origin stake to Aeon

the end of the tob period by aeon was scheduled march 1, 2006 but aeon decided to extend its tob period to march 13, 2006.

the estimated profit by don quijote by this deal amounts 57 billion yen (and chairman yasuda of do quijote personally would earn the profit 0.8 billion yen). don quijote's public tender offer was nineth efforts in japan in terms of the unsolicited offer, and failed to successfully takeover the company. i personally wondered whether over 50.01% share would be tendered to aeon's public offer because it is aeon's condition that they withdraw the offer if less than 50.01% of don quijote's shares are not tendered. but it is likely to successfully acquire over 50.01% shares by aeon because required share that should be tendered to effect aeon's tender offer was merely several percent taking into account don quijote's 47.82% share in origin.

the unsolicited offer is getting pupular as a means of takeover, but it also showed that the japanese people doesn't like it becuase they respect harmony in its relationship with ohters. i look forward to anotehr unsolicited tender offer that the shares are successfully tendered and the unsolciited company gains the control of the management of the target company.

it also should be reviewed wheather aeon's price was failr or not. some expertssaid that the bidding price by aeon was unsubstantiated and could not be rationalized.

keywords: don quijote, aeon, tender offer, public tender offer, tob, takeover bid, origin, origin toshu, origin bento, japan, japanese, unsolicited offer, hostile takeover, hostile takeover bid,


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/26/06 13:33:34 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 1 week, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17192 x. ]

In Depth Research: TSE's New Listing Standard

*the new listing standard (refer to page 5) taking into account the anti-takeover measure to be enforced from March 1, 2006. (February 21, 2006)

I. The Purpose to Amend the Listing Regulation

to provide with the frame work for the timely-disclosure regarding the installation of the anti-takeover measure, [..] and to provide with the system for the timely disclosure regarding hte amendment of the artcle of association, tse amends the part of "kabuken jojo shinsa kijun" (the listing standard) etc.

II. The summary of amendment

1. Timely Disclosure -- An issue of shares or warrants accompanied with the installation or effect of an anti-takeover measure should be disclosed. (cf. the regulation of timely disclosure 1-3(1)a)

2. Mandatory Respect -- Listed companies shall, when they installs an anti-takeover measure, respect folloings (cf. the regulation of timely disclosure 1-3I):
(1) sufficiency of disclosure. [...]
(2) transparency [...]
(3) effect on the secondary market [...]
(4) respect of the shareholders right [...]

3. Listing Standard -- If the company that applied to list has already the anti-takeover measure, the compliance with the Mandatory Respect will be a sine qua non for the initial listing eligibility review.

4. Publication regarding the Violation of the Mandatory Requirement

If TSE take congnizance of a company violating the Mandatory Requirement, TSE may make public to that effect. [...]

5. Delisting.

If TSE take congnizance of that the shareholders right or their exercise of the right are unduly restricted and its circumstances are not cured for 6 months, the company's securities shall be delisted.

[...]

6. Timely Disclosure -- If a listed company resolved to change the article of association, the company shall make the change public. [...]

III. Enforcement Date (to be fixed).

The new listing requirement shall be enforced on March 1, 2006 (to be fixed). [...]

keywords: tse, tokyo stock exchange, listing requirement, initial, continued, anti-takeover measure, change, article of association, japan, japanese, 東京証券取引所


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/24/06 00:57:25 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16891 x. ]

Japan Takeover: Update regarding TSE listing regulation

President Nishimuro of Tokyo Stock Exchange, Press Conference on February 21, 2006 February 21, 2006 15:35-16:35 at TST Arrows Presentation Stage

Taizo Nishimuro, Representative Director and President of Tokyo Stock Exchange

*press conference with president nishimuro

Press: With regard to Don Quijote's increase of the share ratio in Origin, it is criticized because the transactions wihch are legal but gray if we look at the purpose of the TOB regulation. [...] In light of the autonomic regulatory function of TSE, would you let us know wheather it is possible that the TSE would take any measure against these [gray] transactions?

President Nishimro: With regard to the matter you mentioned, the Financial Service Agency assumed the very prudent stance [..]. As with the FSA, our first position is to keep our close watch on this matter. Second, we are also examining wheather we need to cope with this matter in light of our autonomic regulatory function.

keywords: tse, tokyo stock exchange, taizo nishimuro, president, japan, japanese, don quijote, origin toshu, origin, tob, regulation, listing rule, fsa, financial service agency,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/23/06 23:20:25 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16992 x. ]

Japan Takeover: Update

*Tokyo Stock Exchange published the new listing regulation (refer to page 5) taking into account the anti-takeover measure to be enforced from March 1, 2006. (February 21, 2006)

*anges mj introduced the anti-takeover meadure (February 23, 2006)
they also resolved that they will put the proposal to incurease authorized capital on the agenda at the next annual meeting of shareholders.
Attribution: Advanced Warning Type

keywords: advanced warning type plan, tokyo stock exchange, tse, anti-takeover measure, listing regulation, authorized capital, アンジェスMJ, 東京証券取引所, 買収防衛策, 上場審査基準, 企業買収防衛策, japan, japanese


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/23/06 19:59:24 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16958 x. ]

a prayer for justice stevens' longevity, wp

just for my personal note:

*With Longevity on Court, Stevens's Center-Left Influence Has Grown, wp

*Steve Jobs to 2005 graduates: 'Stay hungry, stay foolish', stanford university

"Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life," Jobs said. "Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice."

keywords: justice stevens, steve jobs, stanford university,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/21/06 06:21:04 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, and 2 weeks old ] [ viewed: displayed 17828 x. ]

don quijote acquired 46.21% common stock in origin toshu

don quixote (japanese discount house known for its twenty-four hour open style and its selling style attractitng mainly youth) gained over 45% votes in "origin toshu" (hopeful delicatessen selling the cheap lunch box as well as other foods) share after the sour failure of the take over bid on the same company. i once mentioned that this takeover bid by the don quixote to origin toshu is the ninth unsolicited takeover bid in japan. i did not see this would be the important case because the takeover itself conducted in line with normal procedures. the origin toshu did not introduce the anti-takeover measure beforehand but successfully found "aeon" (japanese first class retailer) as the white knight.

as recently obviously expected, the takeover bid failed miserably. after that, don quixote disclosed that they would not try to do the takeover bid again to acquire "origin" and most of the people considered that was don quixote's concession speech taking into account the possible deterioration of its brand image by this kind of unsolicited bid.

however, 16 february, 2006, don quixote disclosed it acquired more share to 46.21% after its failure of the takeover bid and its intention to acquire more share to take the control of "origin toshu".

the issues arisen in this series of transaction is as follows:

1. under the current japan's securities law, to buy up (a) in 60 days (b) from on or less than 10 persons __and__ (c) less than a third of the total outstanding shares is not regulated by the takeover regulation. before the commencement of the takeover bid (tender offer), don quijote already had 30.92% shares in origin toshu as of january 15, 2006. [fn1][fn2] therefore don quijote did commence the tender offer to acquire the share exceeding a third of outstanding share.

[fn1] confer: the amendment of the securities act by 162nd congress session

[fn2] from press release: "Don Quijote and separately, the current chairman and CEO, purchased a total of 23.62% (Don Quijote, 8.63%) of Origin Toshu shares from the founding family in August 2005."

2. currently, at the administrative consulting board in financial service agency, there is a discussion that the acquisition of the share over a third of outstanding stock at __both__ in and out of the market at the stock exchange should be regulated by the takeover regulation -- currently, only the acquisition of share outside the market at the stock exchange is subject to takeover regulation [fn1]. the board already prepared the draft report and intend to send it to the ministry of justice after some deliberation but there is no law currently enforceable to that effect.

[fn1] confer: 公開買付制度等ワーキング・グループ and draft report by the working group for tender offer regulation etc.

===========================

news releases by aeon

*公開買付けの開始に関するお知らせ by aeon (january 30, 2006)

*Notice of Commencement of Tender Offer by aeon (january 30, 2006)
news releases by don quijote

*q and a

*公開買付届出書 january 16, 2006

*公開買付開始公告 january 16, 2006

*公開買付開始公告の訂正に関するお知らせ january 23, 2006

*Don Quijote Closes Tender Offer for Origin Toshu february 10, 2006

*Don Quijote Launches Tender Offer for Origin Toshu january 15, 2006


*公開買付けの開始に関するお知らせ (1/15)

*ドン・キホーテ、オリジン東秀株式に対する公開買付けを実施 (1/15)

*オリジン東秀から受領した要望書に対する回答について (1/27)

*イオン株式会社によるオリジン東秀株式に対する公開買付け開始について (1/30)

*公開買付けの結果に関するお知らせ (2/10)

*ドン・キホーテ、オリジン東秀株式の保有割合を約46.21%に増加 february 15, 2006


press releases by origin toshu

*株主の皆様へPDF形式(439KB 10頁)2006年2月14日

*主要株主である筆頭株主の異動に関するお知らせPDF形式(34KB、2頁)2006年2月17日

*株式会社ドン・キホーテによる当社株式の買い増しについてPDF形式(19KB、3頁)2006年2月15日

*株式会社ドン・キホーテによる公開買付けの結果についてPDF形式(11KB、1頁)2006年2月10日

*(訂正)イオン株式会社による公開買付けの賛同に関するお知らせPDF形式(13KB、2頁) 2006年2月3日

*「イオン株式会社による公開買付け」に対する労働組合賛同表明のお知らせPDF形式(246KB、2頁)2006年2月2日

*イオン株式会社による公開買付けの賛同に関するお知らせPDF形式(46KB、8頁)2006年1月30日

*Translation of Notice Recommending Acceptance of Tender Offer by AEON(Origin Toshu)PDF形式(72KB、12頁)

*2006年1月30日 株式会社ドン・キホーテからの質問事項に関する回答書についてPDF形式(35KB、4頁)

*2006年1月23日 株式会社ドン・キホーテによる公開買付けの反対に関するお知らせPDF形式(27KB、6頁)

*2006年1月20日 主要株主の異動に関するお知らせPDF形式(32KB、1頁)

*2006年1月16日 株式会社ドン・キホーテの当社株式公開買付けの件PDF形式(14KB、1頁)

keywords: don quijote, don quixote, aeon, ion, origin bento, origin toshu, takeover bid, tob, hostile, unsolicited, tender offer, securities law, japan, japanese, ドン・キホーテ, 公開買付, イオン, オリジン弁当, オリジン東秀

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/19/06 09:07:11 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 2 weeks, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18862 x. ]

in re inter-company reorgainzation under new company act

"enterprise" concet under business split
--------------------------------

*there are 7 means for re-organization under new company act.
(1) organizatoin attribution change (note: this is not inter-company reorganization, but others are), (2) absorbable merger, (3) newly-established merger, (4) asborbable company split, (5) newly-established company split, (6) stock swap (stock exchange), (7) stock transfer.

* under the business transfer, there is a concept called "enterprise (eigyo)".
"Kabushiki-Kaisha, Yuugen-Kaishahou 4th Ed." Kenjiro Egashira, p.746 note 2, p.783 note 1

*under the old commercial code, the concept of "enterprise" was borrowed from business transfer to company split.

*under the new company code, the company split no more uses the concept of "enterprise".

each rights and obligation will be transferred. the requirement as an organic integration is no more required.

organizatio attribution change
--------------------------

*there are 4 company attribution.
stock company, godo company, goshi company, and gomei company

*nder the old commercial code, goshi and gomei company are able to become stock company when each of them merges other company.

*under the new company act, a goshi or gomei (or newly created attribution "godo" company) become stock company by itself.

the flexible consideration for merger etc.
---------------------------------

*under the company act, the consideration for the merger etc become more flexible.

*however, in principle, the consideration made flexible is for the inter-company re-organization for absorbable reorganization (not for newly established reorganization).

under the clauses for absorbable re-organization, the consideration may be "money etc", but under the clauses for newly-established re-organization, the consideration is merely "bond etc. (namely, bond, warrants, bond with warrants).

both of course may use "stock" as a consideration.

*due to the political reason, the supplemental article 4 was added to the compan act at the resolution at the congress. it puts off the enforcement date of the flexible consideration one year after the enforcement of the other part of the company code.

i understand that for said one year, the company may not use the money as a consdieration for the inter-company re-organizatoin. (please check.)


参考文献:「組織再編行為」商事法務1752、2005年12月25日号相澤哲/細川充

keywords: company attribution change, company reorganization, japan, japanese, company act, new company act, company split, absorbable reorganization, newly-established reorganization, bond etc, money etc, supplemental clause article 4, the flexible consideration for merger etc,


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/13/06 20:55:29 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 22389 x. ]

会社法における組織再編に関するメモ

会社分割における営業概念

・会社法における組織再編行為には7種類ある
組織変更、吸収合併、新設合併、吸収分割、新設分割、株式交換、株式移転。
・営業譲渡には「営業」という概念があった。
「株式会社・有限会社法第4版」江頭憲治郎、746頁注2、783頁注1
・商法では、会社分割で「営業」概念が流用された。
・今般、会社法では、会社分割で「営業」概念が使用されなくなった。
個々の権利義務が承継される有機的一体としての「営業」概念による制約がなくなる。

組織変更

・会社類型は4つある。
・株式会社、合同会社、合資会社、合名会社
・旧来、合併で合資会社又は合名会社が株式会社となることができた。
・今般会社法では、一つの会社が株式会社となる制度を設けた。

合併対価の柔軟化

・基本的に、柔軟化されたのは吸収型組織再編。
吸収型組織再編で使用されている用語は「金銭等」。新設型組織再編で、使用されている用語は「社債等」。
・新設型組織再編で、使用できる対価は、株式、社債、新株予約権。社債は、新株予約権付社債を含む。
・会社法附則4条のせいで、現金は、一年間使用不可?

参考文献:「組織再編行為」商事法務1752、2005年12月25日号相澤哲/細川充

keywords: 組織再編、会社法、会社分割、吸収型組織再編、新設型組織再編、社債等、金銭等、付則四条、合併等対価の柔軟化


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/13/06 19:17:17 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 22052 x. ]

the issue of warrants for introduction of the "trust" type rightsplan, lion k.k.

the issue of warrants for introduction of the "trust" type rightsplan, lion k.k.
信託型ライツプラン導入のための新株予約権の発行について, lion, february 2, 2006

keywords: lion, warrants, japan, japanese, poison pill, rights plan, trust,


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/12/06 18:31:43 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18842 x. ]

ministry of justice established the ordinance for new company code,

ministry of justice established and pulished yesterday, february 7, 2006 the ordinance for new company code which are expected to be enforced around May 2006. the ordinance sets out the terms that the new company code devolves to it. the ordinance consists of three parts --- the main ordinance, ordinance for the calculation for the company and the ordinance for the electronic public notice.

since one of the significances in the new company code is devolution to the ordinance, the ordinance sets out various important matters like the treatment of goodwill, the definition of "asset" and "liability" et cetra.

*the ordinance for the new company code set by the ministry of justice

keywords: new company code, japan, japanese, the ordinance, public notice, main ordinance, electronic public notice,


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/08/06 00:18:23 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 3 weeks, and 7 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 22187 x. ]

translation of the nireko case 3

Translated Excerpt -- June 15, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-942 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants"

(c) the problem lied within the plan

As the board of directors shall be in the relationship of fiduciary with shareholders, the board also shall have the duty to get the shareholders not to inflict the baseless disadvantage where the board exercises the authority mentioned above.

However, this warrants are set out the conditions that the issue price is free and the consideration to exercise the right is JPY1; further, since the large quantity of the the warrants will be issued, there is the possibility [possible danger] that the shareholder who is not related to buying-up share might be inflicit the disadvantage as follows:

(2) The damage incurred by the shareholder not related to buying up.

As recognized above, this warrants, allocated to the shareholders as of March 31, 2005 at the rate of two warrants for each share without charge, are the right to obtain the one share for each warrant in consideration of, nearly free amount, JPY1 __and__ have the effect to treble the outstanding share even though there is no increase of the asset of the company like share-split, where the conditions to effect warrants are fulfilled.

Therefore, in future, where the warrants are not redeemed and actually effected, and new shares are issued, there is a possibility that the price of company's share would be theoretically declined to a third of then-current market price (However, since the acutally price range of share would be changed taking into account of the company's results, future performance, the possibility of redemption of the warrants in future, the possibility to appear the hostile purchaser etc, it could not be concluded that the share would be declined to a third at certain point of time; but still it could not be denied that the share price would declined to certain significant amout).

Therefore, the shareholder who acquire the share of the company after the ex rights date of the warrants (March 28, 2005), during the period ending on June 16, 2018, where the warrants are not redeemed and are effected, and new shares are issued, irrespective of the fact whether the shareholder is abusive shareholder or not, the shareholder should assume the risk that the share holding ratio would dilute to approximately a third.
Further, according to this "Plan," since it is unpredictable at any time whether the situation fulfills the conditions to effect the warrants, though the possibility to fulfil the condition is remote, the risk that the warrants are effected, the shareholding ratio would decrease to a third and the share price would decline is not negligible. Also, it is not deniable that such circumstances would be strong share selling pressure against the share price appreciation for approximately coming three years at the market.

Then, [...]

keywords: nireko, takeover, warrants, the board of director, authority, issue, anti-takeover measure, against takeover, high court, decision, japanese, japan

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/05/06 23:16:47 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 4 months, 4 weeks, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18603 x. ]

animatrix, 2003

animatrixの"the second renaissance" (part 1)の中には実際に起きた出来事の映像がアレンジされて残ってる。

the animatrixのサイトからダウンロードできるファイルのセカンドルネッサンスpart Iの時間とその説明。

3:55 ロス暴動

4:12 キング牧師による100万人の行進

4:16 ベトナム戦争

4:25 天安門

4:36 イスラエル/パレスチナ。一瞬だけしか流れないこの映像が、おそらく今回の心理テストの中で一番政治的なものだろう。あまりに政治的過ぎてこの映像は一瞬しか流れない。

7:27 ナチスによるユダヤ人の虐殺。

7:38 キューバ危機

4分36秒目の絵をみて、パレスチナで起きた事件だと何人の人が気づくのだろうと思ったけれど、googleで検索するとちゃんと気づいている人がいることが判る。自分の考えは不遜もいいところだ。

keywords: animatrix, second renaissance, part 1, part 2, loss angeles riot, martin luther king, vietnam war, tiananmen, nazi, cuba, parestine, israel,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/03/06 08:58:07 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 19170 x. ]

translation of the nireko case 2

Translated Excerpt -- June 15, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-942 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants"

(b) the purpose of the "plan"

(gee. quintessenitial lawyer's text -- long long sentence)

This Plan is the anti-takeover measure, so called poison pill, intended and designedfor the purpose, as recognized above,

to distribute the two warrants for each of the share to the shareholder registered in the "shareholder list" as of March 31, 2005;

to intend that the warrants would be exercised by paying a japanese yen for each warrant when a shareholder (with its relevant entities) hold twenty per cent or more outstanding share of the Company, __and__ the board of director does not consider it necessary to redeem the warrants so as to maximize the corporate value and does resolute that they the board does not redeem it; and

as from March 31, 2005 [...], if the shareholder ("Subject Shareholder") appear and the threat that the shareholder would take control of the management of the compmany arises, to dilute the shareholding of the hostile shareholder and make the voting right decrease relatively, and to maintain the control of management of the company by the current management or the specific shareholders who, effectively, uphold and influence the control by the current management.

Further, according to the "Plan", for example, if the person, who were not the shareholder of the company as of March 31, 2005, become to hold twenty per cent of the outstanding share of the company, and if the new shares are issued according to the plan, the shareholding ratio of the company will decrease approximately seven per cent and the clout to the control of the management by such person will also immediately be diminished.

Therefore, it is recongnized that the Plan has, as claimed by Nireko, the pre-emptive function that might cause the potential buyer to pause before buying up and give an incentive to such buyer to sincerely negotiate with the board of directors of the company, and as a consequence, secure the opportunity to negotiate between the managements and buyer.

However, for the purspose to defend the company from abusive takeover, to effect the warrants and dilute the shareholding of the specific shareholder is, among other things, to maintain and secure the control of the company by the current management or the specific shareholders who uphold them; further in light of the effect and condititons of the warrants as mentioned above, it also could not be deniable that to maintain the cocntrol of the management by the existing board of directors or shareholders upholding the board is an important important purpose

[to be continued.]

keywords: nireko, takeover, warrants, the board of director, authority, issue, anti-takeover measure, against takeover, high court, decision, japanese, japan

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/02/06 05:53:59 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18535 x. ]

translation of the nireko case 1

Translated Excerpt -- June 15, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-942 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants"

Summary:

The case that, after the hostile buyer appears, the warrants which would dilute the share holding ration to a third of ratio when exercised for the purose of maintaining the current board's management of the company was enjoined as the "significantly unjust" issue because it would cause the contingent damage to the existing shareholders.

This High Court also uphold __that__ the issue of warrants by Nireko was made by __the significantly unfair means__ stipulated in Article 280-39IV and 280-10 of the Commercial Code, and __that__ the issue must be suspended beforehand, and __that__ the petition for the suspention by the [fund] shall be granted.

The grounds for this shall be as follows:

2. whether this issue of warrants was made by the significantly unjust mean
(1) the issue of warrants
(a) the authority etc.
the board of directors shall have the authority to issue the warrants by the allocation to third party (Commercial Code Article 280-20II(12)). Further, it shall have also the authority to set out the restriction to transfer the warrants (Article 280-20II(8)). Furthermore, the Commercial Code does not restrict the particulars of the warrants (the period to exercise the right, the condition to exercise the right, the condition or cause to redeem the warrants) and the purpose of warrants. therefore, it may be possible that the warrants would be used against the takeover abuse.

[to be continued, and it is important to read the decision followed by the above]

keywords: nireko, takeover, warrants, the board of director, authority, issue, anti-takeover measure, against takeover, high court, decision,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 02/01/06 01:40:43 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17505 x. ]

Merger, and Anti-Monopoly and Fair Trade Act

*Act Concerning Prohibition of Private Monopolization and Maintenance of Fair Trade ("Anti-Monopoly Act")

In Japan, all the merger deals could not always obtain the approval of the Fair Trade Commission. Article 15I of the Anti-Monopoly Act provides "No company shall effect a merger coming under any one of the following paragraphs: (i) Where the effect of __a merger may be substantially to restrain competition in any particular field of trade__; [or] (ii) Where unfair trade practices have been employed in the course of the merger."

For the purpose to regulate the merger fallen in the two scopes above, Article 15I is followed by the provisions for merger clearance filing.

Further, Article 15II of the Anti-Monopoly Act provides "(2) Every company in Japan, which intends to become a party to a merger (hereinafter in this Section "merging company") shall, in accordance with the Rules of the Fair Trade Commission, file a declaration with the Commission, in case that the total assets of one company exceeds the amount, stipulated by cabinet ordinance, which is not less than ten billion yen [ten billion yen is set out by ordinance], and that the total assets of one of the other companies exceed the amount, stipulated by cabinet ordinance, which is not less than one billion yen [one billion yen is set out by ordinance]: Provided, That the foregoing shall not apply to such cases falling under any one of the following paragraphs:

(i) Any one of the merging companies holds more than fifty percent of the total voting rights of all stockholders of each of the other merging companies; [or]

(ii) More than fifty percent of the total voting rights of all stockholders of each of the merging companies are held by one company.

Please note that this Anti-Monopoly provision applies to the merger with the company outside Japan. Article 15III of the Anti-Monopoly Act provides "(3) The provisions of the previous subsection shall apply mutatis mutandis to any foreign company that intends to become a party to merger. In such cases, "total assets" in this subsection shall be read as as "domestic sales"."

In addition, Article 17 provides "No acts in whatever form or manner shall be committed to evade such prohibitions or restrictions as provided for by Sections 9 through 16 inclusive."

keywords: merger, anti-monopoly act, japanese, ftc, fair trade commision, clearance filing, merger clearance

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/30/06 16:30:24 ] to [ legal - m&a ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17659 x. ]

tokyo stock exchange, request for public comment

"in re the preparation for the listing system regarding the introductio of the anti-takeover measure", tokyo stock exchange, 24-jan-06

keywords: rfc, request for comment, tse, tokyo stock exchange, rules for anti-takeover measure

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/29/06 17:31:51 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 7 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17620 x. ]

trn corporation, court suspends the issue of warrants

this news was reletively minor, and not circulated among the media, and indeed i was not aware of this news in the midst of livedoor fiasco. however, i am reasonably sure that the suspention of the issue of warrants by trn corporation is an important decision by the court in the field of merger and acquisition in japan. since i could not find the text of the decision by the court, i hope that i could see it on the commercial law review. less likely? i could not stress too much since the court rulings on the warrants are so precious in this current situation that the we do not have enough amount of court rulings in this area.

*the notice of the court decision of the suspention, trn, 17-jan-06

*the notice of the change of the main shareholders as a result of the new share allocation to the third party, trn, 18-jan-2006
the new share issue was a part of the package deal with the warrants issue but i do not know well about the background.

*the public notice of the resolution of the fifth issue of the warrants, trn, 24-jan-2006
as well, though i do not know the background of this resolution, it seems to me that the trn corporation tried once again to issue of warrants and tried to overcme the court rulings of the suspension of the fourth issue of the warrants.

the saga would continue....

keywords: trn corporation, issue of warrants, suspention of warrants, hs securities, m&a consulting, murakami fund,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/26/06 17:48:18 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 1 week, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16323 x. ]

ministry of economy, trade and industry

*平成17年12月15日(木)「企業価値基準を実現するための買収ルールのあり方に関する論点公開」の公表について

in re publication of the takeover rules that should be and meets the corporate value standard.

*公開買付制度等ワーキング・グループにおける
論点の整理2005年12月9日


sorting out by the working group for take over bid system etc

keywords: meti, ministry of economi, trade and industry, takeover rules, working group, tob,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/24/06 16:21:44 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16906 x. ]

mac, a subsidiary of m&a consulting, takeover bid

*2005/12/16 エム・エイ・シーによる「公開買付けの結果に関するお知らせ」について

*2005/12/09 日清紡による新日本無線株式の公開買付結果について


keywords: unsolicited offer, takeover bid, mac, nisshinbo, japan,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/24/06 16:13:45 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16936 x. ]

The new share and warrants assignment to the specified shareholders

paint house, this is not the warrants as poison pill.

*2006.1.6 第三者割当による新株予約権発行の中止に関するお知らせ

*2005.12.27 第三者割当による新株予約権発行に関するお知らせ

keywords: paint house, stop issuing warrants, not as poison pill,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/24/06 16:12:52 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16650 x. ]

trn corporation, issue of warrants faces the suit demanding suspention

*2005年12月29日第三者割当による新株式及び新株予約権発行に関する取締役会決議公告

keywords: trn corporation, warrants, poison pill, option, flip-in,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/24/06 16:12:04 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 1 week, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16269 x. ]

interview with defense secretary donald rumsfeld, npr

*rumsfeld: period after iraq election critical

9分間のインタビュー。

1. 今後イラクからの撤退を進める上で重要な点。国会が首相を選び、大臣を選ぶことが重要。その他には、iraqi security forcesが治安を維持すること。

2. 今回の選挙後にテロが増加するかは良く分からない。けれど、個人的にはiraqi security forcesに期待しているし、状況は改善していくと言うことに自信がある。

ちょうど6分ぐらいからが面白いです。

keywords: interview, defense secretary, donald rumsfeld,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/21/06 21:49:04 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 18265 x. ]

Livedoor's outfoxed (and supporsedly unjust) accounting.

talking points
=========

1. circulation of rumor. livedoor announced that "stock swap" scheme would take place so as to acquire other company's stake and to make such company livedoor's wholly-owned subsidiary. actually, livedoor acquired te company by cash and they disposed of the share (originally, intended to use for stock swap) in the market.

2. scope of disclosure. livedoor used the entity similar to the partnership in the transaction mentioned in 1 above. they do not disclose the transaction related to such partnership because they alleged that such partnership would not be fallen within the scope of the disclosure under the consolicated financial report. according to the press, the authority doubts such idea and believes that livedoor substantially controlled such entity and should disclose the information regarding such entity's transaction under the consolidated disclosure requirement.

3. unjust accounting regarding the new share issue. the new share issue should be accounted in the part of "equity" segment in the balance sheet. however, livedoor accounted it in the profit and loss statement, and makes its sales and profit higher than the actual figure.

keywords: accounting, disclosure, livedoor, scope of disclosure, unjust accounting regarding the new share issue, circulation of rumor
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/19/06 17:38:40 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16575 x. ]

consideration used under reorganization

The New Company Code provides flexibile means to pay the consideration for the shareholders. For example, the shareholder who has the share in the company that are acquired by another company under the merger, the acquired company shareholder would be able to receive the acquiring company's stock, dept, options aswell as cash and other propeorty. you might wonder that the definition of "propeorty" is too broad in this context. but actually under the japanese laws the literary limitation is just "propeorty" (but sometimes the consideration should be limited to the stock depending on the type of reorganization). (NCA 749I(2), 751I(3), 758(4), 760(5), 768I(2), 770I(3))

For your information, under the old commercial code, in principle, the consideration used to pay to the acquired company shareholder was limited to the acquiring company's share. just to adjust the number of share issued and distributed (for rounding down the number), the cash could be used. In other words, the acquiring company should use its stock for emrger and could not acquire other company by so called cash out merger.

商事法務1756 December 16, 2005
新会社法の解説: 組織再編行為(上) 相沢哲・細川充

keywods: merger, consideration, new company code, new companies act, reorganization,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/16/06 15:14:11 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 21145 x. ]

secret man, bob woodward

いささか遅くなりましたがbob woodwardsecret manを読みました。当のmark feltがアルツハイマーで判断能力を失っていく中、bob woodwardは、彼がdeep throatであったという過去を死後にでも明かしてよいのだろうかと思案します。mark feltを含めて、彼のニュースソースが死後に秘密保持義務が無くなると約束したことがないからです。尚、著書の中では同じく書面にしてそのような義務の内容を規定したことも無いことが明らかにされています。

bob woodwardは死後にwater gateにおけるmark feltの役割を公表して批判されることを懼れるようになります。そして、彼の妻などは、その秘密を墓場まで持って行くべきだとまで言います。bob woodwardにとっても30年間守り続けてきた秘密ですが、彼はやはりこれを世間に対して公表したいと望んでいました。しかし、アルツハイマーでmark feltから秘密保持義務の緩和や明確化を望むことはできなくなります。

結局の所、wodwardは何もせずに、feltの家族がwoodwardを秘密保持義務から解放し、彼はこの著書を10日間で仕上げて出版します。mark feltに関する映画ができると噂に聞き、きっと家族はそれなりの対価を手に入れたのでしょうが、私に言わせれば、はやり今回の事件で一番に利益を得たのはwoodwardですね。

keywords: mark felt, bob woodward, deep throat, water gate, secret man, nixon,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/15/06 14:10:44 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 2 weeks, and 7 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17597 x. ]

Translation High Court Decision 4


[[However]] the comparison between the corporate value of the Nippon Broadcasting managed as a subsidiary of Livedoor and that as the one of Fuji Sankei group [which Nippon Broadcasting currently belongs to] company is the issue of the appropriateness of the management -- and therefore, to determine it should take into account not only the short term change by the control of the management but also the economic, social and cultual change of the citizen's consciousness, the development of technology related to the business and so forth. Conseqently, we should trust it to be determined by the shareholder or the capital market's decision and valuation regarding the management. Therefore, as those judgment factors is related to the judgement of the management, in light of the business judgment rule, it is not suitable for the decision by the court in course of judicial procedures, and it is not suitable to take into account the above mentioned factors related to business judgement for judging wheather the warrants were issued validly.

Keywords: livedoor, fujitv, nippon broadcasting, high court, decision, translation, exceprt
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/10/06 20:21:58 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17086 x. ]

Translation High Court Decision 3

Translated Except -- March 23, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-429 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants" (part 3)

[...] However, in light of the fact (1) that the right to enjoin the issue of the warrants is provided to the shareholders for the purpose to prevent the impairment of shareholder's interest due to the invalid or unjust issue of the warrants, and (2) that the special reason that justifies the issue of the warrants should be approved to protect whole shareholders' interest, then the existence of said special reason shall be determined by wheather the buyer's acquisition of the control of the management would be cause the irreparable harm to the whole shareholder's interst.

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/08/06 20:15:00 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, 3 weeks, and 7 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17070 x. ]

Translation High Court Decision 2

Translated Except -- March 23, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-429 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants" (part 2)

However, since the reason that the directors can not issue new share for the purpose of mainitaining and securing the management control is that the directors are elected based on the trust of the shareholders as the owner of the company, it is as an exception permissible (and is not fallen into the unfair issuance [set out in Article 280-10 and 280-34]) that the directors issues the new share for the main purpose of mantaining and securing the management control if there is special purpose that justifies the issue of stock purchase warrants from the view of the protection of the whole shareholder's benefit.

Therefore, among the measures to preserve the company value, that Nippon Broadcasting suggested, the claim that the revenue and profit would decline and would cause the irrepairable harm to Nippon Broadcasting in case that Livedoor gains the control of the management of the Nippon Broadcasting and the Nippon Broadcasting will leave the Fuji Sankei Group [as the result of takeover] might be taken into account as the special reason. However, the intent of the employees and other factors regarding the contest of the control of the management should be dealt with by the then-current management and the employees at the time after the change of control, and therefore such factors should not be taken into account when we review the legal constraint with regard to the share transfer (etc).

Keywords: livedoor, fujitv, nippon broadcasting, high court, decision, translation, exceprt

For example, in the event that the person or entity who offers the takeover without the consent of the board of directors ("Hostile Buyer") (1) buys in shares in a company for the orpsoe not to join the management of the company but to sell the share at higher price to the relevant party to the company (namely, in the case that the buyer is so called "green mailer"), (2) buys in shares in a company for the purose that the Hostile Buyer temporary gains the control of the company and transfer the company's intellectual property, know-how, confidential information,business relations,customers and so forth that is necessary for the company to the Hostile Buyer or its group company (namely, in the case that the buyer intends bust-up merger), (3) buys in shares in a company for the purpose that, after the gaining the control of the company, the Hostile Buyer repays its debt (including the debt of the Hostile Buyer’s group) by use of the company’s asset or mortgage the company’s asset, (4) buys in shares in a company for the purpose that the Hostile Buyer temporary gains the control of the company and disposes (including, sells) the company's real property, the securities and so forth that are not directly related to the company's business and then makes the company declare the high dividend or sell the company's share at the occasion of the soaring price of the company due to the temporary high dividened (namely, in the event that the Hostile Buyer prey on the company), since such Hostile Buyer buying in shares and intending the abuse of the power does not deserve the protection as the shareholder and it is apparent that the other shareholders interst would be undermined if such act would be left as it is, then it will be permitted and justified that the board of directors issues the stock purchase warrants to maintain the control of the company unless it is considered __reasonable and necessary__. However, when the company issues the stock purchase warrants as the counter takeover measure, it does not always satisfy said reasonableness and necessity conditions only by one fact that the buyer stands against the company.

Therefore, in the situation that there is an actual contest regarding the control of the management and that the stock purchase warrants are issued for the purose of maintaining and securing the control of the management, in principle, the suspention to issue the warrants based on the unjust issue [provision] should be granted. However, in case that said issue has the special cause which justify the issue of the stock purchase warrants from the view of the protection for the whole shareholders, in concrete, in the case that the buyer does not intend sincere and reasonable management of the company, and in the event that the company establish and prove that the gaining the control of the management by buyer would cause significant and irreparable harm to the company, the issue which affec tthe company's control of the managment could not be enjoined.

Keywords: livedoor, fujitv, nippon broadcasting, high court, decision, translation, exceprt

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/08/06 07:21:11 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 5 months, and 4 weeks old ] [ viewed: displayed 17448 x. ]

Translation High Court Decision 1

Translated Except -- March 23, 2005 Tokyo High Court of Japan. "Ra-429 appeal to the high court on the decision granted on the temporary restraining order regarding the issue of the warrants"

Summary:

The case that the issue of the stock purchase warrants for the main purpose of maintaining and securing (1) the specific shareholder that has the de-facto influence to the current managers (2) and such shareholder's control of the management, as the counter measure against the hostile takeover was enjoined as the unjust issue due to the lack of the reason to justify the issue.

On the one hand, Commercial Code of Japan adopted the authorized share capital system (Article 166.I.(3)) and it is stipulated that the issue of the new share within such authorized capital shall, in principle, be falled into the authority of the board of directors (Article 280-2.I, 280-20.II). Further, when it comes to the Public Companies[*fn1], since the shareholders are not authorized to have preemptive right (Article 280-5-2, 280-27), therefore the Commercial Code of Japan permits the possible dilution of the existing shareholders' share due to the issue of new share to third party based on the board of directors' resolution of issue of the new share.

[fn1] Public Company under this context means the company that has no provision in its Article of Association that the transfer of such company's share shall be made under the permission of the board of directors of the company. [[Article ]]

However, on the other hand, the reason that Articles 280-39.IV and 280-10 of Commercial Code gives the shareholders right to request the court for the injunctive order that suspends the issue of the new share (etc)[fn2] is that Commercial Code recognizes the possibility that the board of directors might abuse the rights mentioned above, and provides directly the shareholder with the function to check the directors not to impair the shareholder's interest in return for not giving directly the shareholders the right to authorize the issue of the new share (etc).

[fn2] Since the provisions apply to the issuance of the stock purchase warrants, the judge affixes "(etc)" in the decision.

With regard to the authority mentioned above, the decision on the finance based on the concrete business paln [[...]] would normally be fallen into the general management authority of the board of directors. On these matters it is permissible that the board of directors resolve the issue of new share based on such business judgement that such financing However, in the scene that the actual contest regarding the corporate control is presented, it should not be construed that the issue of the share is unconditionally authorized to the board of directors as the business judgement and as the general authority if it is __mainly__ intended to dilute the specific person's share who compete on the control of the company and maintain and/or secure the control of the management by the current managers or specific shareholders who uphold and, in fact, influence the current managers by such issue of share.

Since, under Commercial Code, [[(a) the selection and dismissal of the board is decided solely by the shareholders meeting (Article 254.I and 257.I), and (b) the directors are executive institution selected by the capital majority, therefore in light of the separation of the authority set out in Commercial Code it is clearly violation of the intention of the law that it would permit the directors who are and to be selected issuing the new share for the main purpose of alternating the composition of the shareholders who would select the director.

[...]

(to be continued)

Keywords: livedoor, fujitv, nippon broadcasting, high court, decision, translation, exceprt

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 01/06/06 00:45:48 ] to [ legal - litigation ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 6 months, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 17582 x. ]

the causes leading the enactment of the new company code

there are three prominent causes which ultimately leads the establishment of new company code.

1. the japanese language used for the old commercial code (which includes the provisions regarding the corporation) was written in old fashioned japanese. government tried to rewrite this in current fashion.
imagine that the shakespeare english was rewrite by the contemporary english.

2. the japanese commercial code was first enacted a hundred years ago and amended many times. this patchy structure was complicated to read and understand. therefore, it was rewrited from scratch.

key words: the causes leading the new company code, old fashion language, old commercial code,
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 12/28/05 19:45:42 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 6 months, 1 week, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 20270 x. ]

new company code, significat changes

important changes are as follows:

1. integration of limited liability company system (yuugen gaisha) and corporation system (kabushiki kaisha).
- corporation system survives.
2. abolishment of minimum capital amount at the time of establishment
- able to establish corporation by capital JPY1
3. flexibility for the reorganization (merger, stock exchange, business transfer, company split)
- enabling the cash merger etc
4. flexibility on class stock, stock purchase warrants, corporate bond
5. change in the limtiation for the dividend
6. change in director's liability (from strict liability to fault liability)
7. change in derivative litigation
8. creation of llc system

keywords: new company code, changes, llc, minimum capital, reorganization, class stock, derivative litigation
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 12/27/05 19:28:33 ] to [ legal - japanese company code ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 6 months, 1 week, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 19550 x. ]

two stephens

justice stephen breyerがnprのインタビューに答えています。今まで余り彼の情報に触れたことがないのですが、深い洞察、真摯な喋り方、裡に秘める情熱の全てに感銘を受けました。

しかも面白い。

「juniorであることが何か関係があるかって? 聞きたい?」

「ええ」

「例えば、事件について討議中だったとして、その時には長いテーブルに判事しかいなくて、もしそこで誰かがドアをノックしたら、ドアを開けるのは私ですよ。例えば、前に、ドアがノックされて、こういったことは珍しいんですが、scalia判事にコーヒーを持ってきたんです。だから、私が彼の所までコーヒーを持って行きましたよ。juniorだであることが関係しているとすれば、そんなことです。私はそれを楽しんでいますよ。もし、カフェテリアで列があったとしたら私は一番最後に並びますよ」

「最高裁は高校みたいな所なんですか?」

「んん。」

stephen colbertがcolbert reportを始めました。今のところ、両手をパチパチ叩くのはないですが、私の英語力が不足しているだけかもしれません。それなりに楽しめましたし、今後に期待しています。

resources:

*biographies of current members of the supreme court

keywords: justice stephen breyer, stephen colbert, npr, interview, colbert report


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/21/05 07:30:20 ] to [ news - resources ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17919 x. ]

miers's responses to senate judiciary committee questions

*miers's responses to senate judiciary committee questions

*survey: miers supported banning most abortions

*miers backed abortion ban in 1989

chairmanのsen. specterはjudge john robertsのconfirmationの時にこの話題を大上段から追っていたので、今回も二日目はこの話題でもちきりになるのでしょう。

keywords: harriet miers, senate judiciary committee, questionnaire, supreme court justice, abortion

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/18/05 18:21:45 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 8 months, 2 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16843 x. ]

supreme court in transition, wp

*special reports: supreme court in transition, wp

*a pick that blurs party lines and stalls 'rapid response'

*bush's court choice meets with key conservative senators

*the heart of the matter, wp by howard kurts
ブッシュ大統領が忠誠心にどれだけ重きを置いているかについて書かれています。実際の所、第一期の長官人事から彼は何よりも忠誠心に重きを置いて人事を行っていたように思えます。記事には書いてありませんが、それは私にはあたかも「忠誠心さえあれば有事に大統領にfavorな判断を下すのが当然だ」と思っているからのようにもおもえます。

keywords: harriet miers, supreme court, president george w. bush, justice

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/11/05 20:34:57 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 8 months, 3 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16532 x. ]

bush names harriet miers to supreme court, wp

昨日、cnnを見ていたら、bush大統領がharriet miersをsandra day o'conner判事の代わりとして指名したとのこと。一言で言えば、then-judge robertsよりはcontroversialなpickとのこと。

*bush names white house counsel as choice for supreme court, nyt

*bush names harriet miers to supreme court, wp

大統領がmiersさんについて話していたのもjudge robertsについてより長かったような気がします。またmiersさん自身が話す時もrobertsよりも言葉が多かったですよね。でも、結局のところ、何もしゃべらないほうがnomineeにとっては良いという風にも思いました。どんな言葉をしゃべったところで、その言葉の端々に保守的な思想がにじみ出てしまうので。

まだ、情報を集めていないのですが、supreme courtのバランスを変えることになるのか否かに注目してみたいと思います。結局、roberts判事の承認に関して、共和党は全員が賛成に回ったわけで、同じことが起こればmiersさんがどんなに保守的でもsupreme courtのbenchに座る可能性はあるわけで。

keywords: justice sandra day o'conner, supreme court, justice, harriet miers, bush, nominate,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/03/05 22:04:47 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18767 x. ]

譲渡制限のない新株予約権を株主等へ一律に付与する場合の所得税法上の取扱いについて, 東京国税局

*譲渡制限のない新株予約権を株主等へ一律に付与する場合の所得税法上の取扱いについて, 東京国税局

keywords: 譲渡制限のない新株予約権を株主等へ一律に付与する場合の所得税法上の取扱いについて, 東京国税局
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/03/05 22:03:16 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 15690 x. ]

justice roberts and jailed judith miller

*roberts is sworn in as chief justice of u.s.

*
jailed times reporter freed after source waives confidentiality

nytのjudith millerが釈放されたらしいです。いわく、彼女の情報ソースが彼女に対する守秘義務を解除したとの事。でもって、誰が彼女にそれを話したのかといえば、それはscooter libbyこと、副大統領の首席補佐官i. lewis libbyらしいです。

へぇぇ。

judge robertsが第17代連邦最高裁判所長官(chief justice)となりました。

keywords: john roberts, judith miller, nytimed, freed, chief justice, schooter libby, i lewis libby
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 10/03/05 22:02:21 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 18672 x. ]

芸術とメッセージ

ちょっと前のポストで音楽とメッセージで気に入っているものを幾つか挙げた。同様に、表現の方法としての芸術が、芸術的な価値(技術としての芸術、芸術としての芸術、五感に訴える芸術)だけでなく、それ以上の価値をメッセージによって達成することがある。

例えば、宮島達夫の「mega death」がそうだ。2000年に東京オペラシティで見た時に、暗闇はランダムに訪れた。それは突然死とそこからの再生を表現していた。2005年に展示会を開いた時には(会場が東京から離れていけなかったけれども)、誰かが特定の場所に立った瞬間に消えるらしい。この場合、メッセージは「誰かが世界全部を破壊できる」ということを端的に示したいのだろう。

絵画による代表的なメッセージと言えば、ゲルニカだろう。もっとポップな方法で挙げられるのは「war is over」。あれから30年以上が経過しているのだから、次に載せるのなら「is war over?」とすべきだろうか。

giacomettiのstriding manは現代社会に住む我々の脆弱さを顕在化させた上に、強調している。

報道写真は事実を伝える為に存在するけれど、それが芸術に昇華する場合がある。例えば、venezuelaで傷付いた兵士が神父にすがりついている写真や、ベトナム戦争時のベトナム政権(アメリカが背後についていた方)に抗議する目的で行った予告焼身自殺とか、権力と個人とか。

映画では、アンドレイ・タルコフスキーの「ノスタルジア (dvd)」やスタンリー・クーブリックの作品の幾つかが挙げられるだろう。例えば、「博士の異常な愛情 (dvd)」や「フル・メタル・ジャケット (dvd)」を。スピルバーグの「シンドラーのリスト」(参考までに昔読んで良かったので原作も)はとてもシンプルなメッセージを有しているし、「プライベート・ライアン (dvd)」の開始30分も同様だろう。

ありきたりであることを懼れなければ「ショーシャンクの空に (原作)」が絞り込んで一つのメッセージを伝えている。

唯、至宝の芸術のメッセージを容易に伝えることができなかったりする。ミケランジェロのピエタ。この作品はとても美しいし息をのむ。この前に座って何もしないまま一週間過ごすことができるような気がする。ただ、それは強いメッセージを発している訳ではない。単に我々はそこに敬虔さを感じる。

keywords:

mega death, 宮島達夫, guernica, war is over, giacometti, world press photo, nostalgia, stanley kubric, dr strangelove: how i learned to stop worrying and love the bomb, full metal jacket, schindler's list, saving private ryan, rita hayworth and showshank redemption, michelangelo, pieta


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/23/05 10:51:04 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 18596 x. ]

音楽とメッセージ

どんなものでも音楽の中にメッセージがあるとその曲にとても価値があるように思えてしまう。それはきっと、その曲を作った人が本当にそう思っているのだろうと思えるから。典型的なプロテストソングでも、前衛のポップミュージックでも構わない。

black eyed peasが"where is the love?"の中で退廃に惹かれる我々の価値観の変化や戦争遂行への不満を嘆いた後で「gotta keep my faith alive till love is found (愛を見つけるまで自分の信念を持ち続けなきゃね。)」と歌う。典型的なプロテストソング。古典で言えば、the whoが「i hope i die before i get old (僕は年老いる前に死にたい)」と歌うのが典型だろう。

政治的なので言ったらeddie vedderが"i am the patriot"の中で歌う「i only know one party,and that is freedom (僕は一つだけ政党を知ってる。それは自由って言う。)」というのとか。radioheadが多分イラクでの戦争を批判して"we suck young blood"という曲でそのまま「we suck young blood (僕たちは若い血をすすっている)」と歌う。

1991年のニューキャッスルでのライブでkurt cobainは"all apologies"の中で「i don't have the right, i don't wanna fight (僕には権利なんてない。僕は戦いたくない。)」と歌う。john lennonは「all i want is the truth. just gimme some truth (僕が欲しいのは真実だけなんだ。だた、真実を頂戴。)」と歌う。michael jacksonは"jam"の中で「we must live each day like it's the last (僕たちは今日が最後みたいにして生きなきゃいけないんだ)」と歌う。

oasisのnoelが"whatever"を歌っているのもすごく好きだ。「i'm free to be whatever i (am); whatever i choose and i'll sing the blues if i want (僕は好きでいられる。何でも選べるし、望むならブルースだって歌う」。

ただ、音楽家が音楽についてうったった次のメッセージが最近はとても気に良いって頭の中で流れている。smashing pampkinsのbilly corganが"if there is a god"の中で「 if there is a god i know he likes to rock (もし神様が居るなら、彼はロックが好きだろう)」と歌ってる。とても彼らしい声で、彼らしい敬虔さと彼らしい情熱を秘めてる。

keywords:

black eyed peas, where is the love, who, my generation, eddie vedder, i am the patriot, radiohead, we suck young blood, kurt cobain, all apologies, gime some truth, john lennon, michael jackson, jam, oasis, whatever, smashing pumpkins, if there is a god


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/23/05 08:00:58 ] to [ arts - music ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 19810 x. ]

judiciary committee votes to recommend roberts' confirmation, wp

上院司法委員会はroberts判事を連邦最高裁判所判事に推薦することを決定しました。

*judiciary committee votes to recommend roberts' confirmation, wp

今のところroberts判事への反対表明をしているのは、Sens. Edward M. Kennedy (D-MA), Joseph Biden (D-Del.), and Dianne Feinstein (D-CA)です。

nytには未だ記事がないようです。しかし、、、、、、nytのコラムがとうとう有料になってしまったんですね。。。。

keywords:

roberts, senate judiciary committee, recommend, confirmation, kennedy, biden, feinstein,

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/22/05 09:17:20 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17425 x. ]

敵対的買収関連

良書かどうかは別にして、とりあえず。しかし、キャッチーな書名をつけますね。

企業防衛の要点」、渡辺顕(弁護士)

渡辺顕 昭和45年3月早稲田大学法学部卒。昭和48年4月弁護士登録(第一東京弁護士会)。第一東京弁護士会商法部会長、法務省法制審議会幹事。日弁連・倒産法改正問題対策委員会副委員長。東京共同銀行・わかしお銀行検査役、山一証券法的責任判定委員会委員長。大同コンクリート工業株式会社・「目黒雅叙園」・「浅草花やしき」更生管財人

新しい敵対的買収防衛―徹底検証-ライブドアVSニッポン放送・フジテレビ」、清水 真(森濱田)

昭和38年7月30日生まれ。昭和57年神奈川県立湘南高等学校卒業。昭和62年東京大学法学部卒業。昭和62年~平成元年日本銀行勤務。平成4年4月弁護士登録。第二東京弁護士会入会。森綜合法律事務所(現森・濱田松本法律事務所)入所

keywords:

企業防衛の要点, 渡辺顕, 新しい敵対的買収防衛, 清水真, ライブドア, ニッポン放送, フジテレビ

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/21/05 21:43:08 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17132 x. ]

reid will oppose roberts for chief justice

民主党乗員院内総務のHarry Raid (D-NV)がRoberts判事の承認に反対することを表明しました。但し、同時にRaid議員はRoberts氏は「民主党議員からもたくさんの票を受けて」簡単に承認だれるだろう、との観測を示しています。

つまり、Scalia判事見たいに簡単に承認されて(彼の場合98-0)後で後悔するのが嫌だけれども、議事妨害をするほどのことでもない、ということでしょう。実際のところ、Roberts判事はRehnquist判事の代わりであって、保守派がついたところで最高裁のバランスを変えるわけではないからです。この点、Roberts判事承認後のO'Coner判事の代わりの指名が注目されます。

参考までに、過去の最高裁判所判事の上院でのconfirmationの結果は以下の通りです。

William Hubbs Rehnquist 68-26 (for associate justice)
65-33 (for chief justice)
John Paul Stevens 98-0
Sandra Day O'Connor 99-0
Antonin Scalia 98-0
Anthony Kennedy 97-0
David Souter 90-9
Clarence Thomas 52-48
Ruth Bader Ginsburg 97-3
Stephen Breyer 87-9

resources

*special coverage: thursday wrap-up (50 min.), npr

*special coverage: wednesday wrap-up (50 min.), npr

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/20/05 19:28:32 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 19503 x. ]

days in the life of jailed reporter, wp

*jailed reporter is distanced from news, not elite visitors

7月4日に収監されたnew york timesのレポーターであるjudith millerに関する記事です。世間から離れてしまって、彼女に関するニュースがなかったのですが、これをwashington postが伝えています。

*bob dole issues jailed reporter's plea

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/17/05 02:38:42 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, and 3 weeks old ] [ viewed: displayed 18214 x. ]

special podcast: judge roberts hearings, npr

*nprでjudge robertsの連邦最高裁判所長官のconfirmation hearingsのpodcastが手に入る。

*hearings初日のwrap-up (article / audio), npr

*hearings二日目のwrap-up (article / audio), npr

resources:

*with goal clear, nominee is profile in caution, nyt (article, september 14, 2005)

*transcript, exerpts, video, nyt (article, video), all the sessions thus far

*a wide array of questions on day two, wp (photo) you can also see the photos taken in first session

*the senate judiciary committee members and profiles, wp (article)

*chief justice confirmation hearings open, wp (photo)

*transcript: day two of the roberts confirmation hearings, wp (article)

*profile of the nominee, wp (article)

*records released by national archives, national archives

*roberts' replies to a senate judiciary committee questionnaire (pdf)


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/14/05 05:47:04 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17002 x. ]

similarities to haiti

*afp photo, sep 02 7:09 am

この写真を見たとき、右側の女性の無関心が僕に過去の映像を呼び起こさせた。ハイチでの略奪。道端に人が死んでいても、誰も気にしない。その無関心に奇異を抱いたけれど、今回、文明国の最たるアメリカで同様のことが起こっている。

法律にかかわる仕事をパンを得るための手段として生きていると、自分の職業はとても脆弱な基盤の上に成り立っているのだと感じることが時々ある。法律が機能するためには様々な社会基盤が必要で、その秩序が乱れたときに、法律というのは無残にも無力さをさらけ出す。

*u.s. supreme court, yahoo! news (photo)

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/11/05 20:23:56 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 3 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16363 x. ]

recent quotes

*in re katrina

"this is mass chaos. to tell the truth, i'd rather be in iraq."

此処は巨大な混沌だよ。イラクにいたいくらいだ。

-- sgt. jason defess, a national guard in superdome in new orleans

*in re iraqi constitution

"we are disagreeing. we are failing to reach compromises. but we are not killing each other."

我々は合意に至らなかった。我々は妥協に達しなかった。しかし、我々は互いを殺したりしない。

-- barham salih, iraqi ministry of planning


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/09/05 19:11:05 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 9 months, 4 weeks, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 15929 x. ]

justices pay tribute to chief

justice john paul stevens:

"William Rehnquist's independent, impartial, and dedicated leadership of the Supreme Court has been an inspiration to those of us privileged to serve with him - and to the entire Nation as well. Charles Evans Hughes, a great Chief Justice whom he particularly admired, would have been proud of the example he set as the leader of the Court. He was truly the first among equals in discharging his judicial duties in a prompt, scholarly and fair manner. He was a good friend, maintaining his sense of humor and proportion throughout the difficult period that marked his most recent service. We shall miss him."

justice sandra day o'connor

William Rehnquist will go down in history as one of the great Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. He steered the Court along a path of responsibility and careful analysis throughout his 19 years as Chief Justice. He led the Court with firm principles but with a light touch. He never lost his sense of humor and he was able to secure the cooperation and admiration of all of the Justices for the years in which he served. He will be sorely missed.

antonin scalia

Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist led a philosophically diverse group of Justices through 19 years in which public attention was focused upon the Supreme Court to an unprecedented degree. His keen intellect and sound judgment commanded the respect of his colleagues, and his personal qualities of considerateness and fairness won their affection. His death is a loss to the Court, to all the federal judiciary that he headed for so long, and to the Nation. It is a double loss for me; he was my friend long before he was my Chief. May he rest in peace.

anthony kennedy

William Rehnquist was a warm, compassionate, decent man; a brilliant jurist; and a Chief Justice of superb and historic stature. In his personal relations he was unpretentious to the point of being casual, almost as if to put friends and colleagues at ease with his vast knowledge of history, remarkable grasp of the law, and a mind so precise he was at once formidable and delightful. He was a skillful presiding officer of exemplary fairness. He loved his family. The American people can be grateful to them for the distinguished public service William Rehnquist gave to the Court and to our Nation.

clarence thomas

Virginia and I were deeply saddened to learn of the death of the Chief Justice. We will miss him deeply as a friend and as a colleague. He was a good man who epitomized fairness, dignity, and strength of character. Our thoughts and prayers continue to be with his family.

ruth bader ginsburg

Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist was the fairest, most efficient boss I have ever had. Speaking of his role in a 2002 address, he said: “[T]he Chief Justice has placed in his hands some of the tools which will enable him to be primus among the pares but his stature will depend on how he uses them.” In his leadership of the U.S. Judiciary and his superintendence of the Supreme Court, William H. Rehnquist used to great effect the tools Congress and tradition entrusted to him. A plain speaker without airs or affectations, the Chief fostered a spirit of collegiality among the nine of us perhaps unparalleled in the Court’s history. He regarded an independent judiciary as our country’s hallmark and pride, and in his annual reports, he constantly urged Congress to safeguard that independence. On the obligation key to judging, he cautioned that a judge steps out of the proper judicial role most conspicuously and dangerously when the judge flinches from a decision that is legally right because the bottom line is not the one “the home crowd wants.” I held him in highest regard and affection, and will miss him greatly.

stephen g. breyer

The Chief Justice was a brave, intelligent man deeply committed to maintaining the rule of law and preserving an independent judiciary. He understood the Court and its history. He administered the Court, as he did the judicial system, effectively and with great fairness. He never allowed disagreements about the law to become personal and the Court followed his example. I much admired his personal and legal strength. I shall greatly miss him.

chief justice rehnquist dies at 80, cbsnews (video)

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/05/05 08:31:32 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17021 x. ]

bush nominates roberts as chief justice

ブッシュ大統領がroberts判事を最高裁判所主席判事として指名すると発表しました。故に、o'conner判事の代わりとしてのroberts判事ではなくなります。roberts判事のconfirmation hearingsが一ヶ月以内にあるとしても、o'conner判事の代わりを指名し、承認するまでには一ヶ月以上かかるでしょう。

となると、o'conner判事は次の開廷期にはまた、ワシントンに戻ることになります。

*bush picks john roberts to be chief justice, replacing rehnquist, latimes (article)

*bush nominates roberts to be chief justice, replacing rehnquist, latimes (video) -- extract

*bush nominates roberts to replace chief justice rehnquist, nytimes (article)

*bush nominates roberts as chief justice, wp (article)

*bush nominates roberts as chief justice, wp (video) -- full

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/05/05 07:57:13 ] to [ news ] - [ 1 comment ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17916 x. ]

true love waits, radiohead

友人には時間と脳の無駄だと言われるけれど、ある種の音楽にはある種のaffectionを抱き、そのいくつものversionsの違いを記憶する。the beatlesはroot top concert期のrecordingがbootlegとして流通していて、僕たちはtake 1からレコードとして発売されたtake 10までの全てを聞くことができる。

radioheadのtrue love waitsについて、自分が聞いた印象を書き記してみる。

1. december 5, 1995, luna theater, brussels, belgium

最初にtrue love waitsが演奏された。thomがギター一本を持ってマイクの前に立ち、そこにスポットライトが当たっている。彼は、"this is a , this is a brand new song no body sang before"と言ってギターを弾き出す。緩やかに同じコードを繰り返す。緩やかに。

彼の歌い方は何かの願いを込めているように思える。彼の歌い方は何かの祈りを込めているようにも思える。後半から分散和音が背景に流れる。johnnyのエレピなのだろう。そのアルペジオは寄せては返す波のように繰り返される。そのアルペジオは単にギターで奏でているコードを分散したものだけれど、私たちにはその和音の繰り返しがとても心地よく聞こえる。

曲の最後に流れる、そのエレピのフェルマータは私たちにattachなaffectionを想起させる。私が一番好きな演奏。

2. july 8, 2000, cinerama, tel aviv, israel

this is an old song called true love waits. we've never really known what to do with it except play it, so this is, uhh... me playing it. (laughter)

(この曲はtrue love waitsっていう古い曲です。僕たちはこの曲を演奏する以外にどうしたらいいのかわからないんです。だから、そうだな、、、演奏します。)

曲はとても静かに始まって、にわかにはイントロだと判別できない。thomは静かに歌い始める。空気の中に声を潜ませる感じで。thomのギターは少しずつ音量を増す。その音量は彼が何らかのメッセージを伝えようとしているのだと私に感じさせる。何かとても大切なことを。何かとても大切なことを。

間奏で繰り返させる和音は波を思わせる。寄せては返す波。潮力に引かれ、そして海に帰る。生命力が形になり、そして消える。そう言ったのと似たようなこと。最後のさびで、edがback chorusを重ねる。いつもの上品さで。

曲の最後で、thomのギターは静かに和音を奏でる。そして、言う。just don't leave。

3. album "i might be wrong"

thomが一人ギターを弾きながら歌う。johnnyのエレピも、edのback chorusもなしで。最近のthomはアンコールでこの曲を歌うらしい。それで、この録音にはthomの最後の挨拶が入っている。

thank you everybody. good night.

一日の終わりに聞くにはちょうど良い。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 09/02/05 08:54:38 ] to [ arts - music ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 20038 x. ]

stampede in baghdad, wp

*stampede in baghdad kills hundreds of shiite pilgrims, washington post

*tragic stampede in iraq

3枚目の写真のcaptionにこうあります「men dove or waded into the burbid tigris, searching first for the living to help, and then the dead」(男たちはにごったチグリス川に飛び込み、又は分け入っていった。最初は助けるために生きているものを探し、その後、死者を探した)

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/31/05 20:36:05 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 17167 x. ]

the world is flat, thomas friedman, npr

foreign affairsのコラムニストであり、また、new york timesのコラムニストであるthomas friedman氏のインタビュー。新著"the world is flat"を読む時間がなさそうなので、代わりにこれを聞いてみました。

*thomas friedman and energy independence

*for workers, 'the world is flat'

印象的なセンテンスは二つありました。

What I tell my own girls. When I was growing up, my parents used to say to me, "Tom, finish your dinner. People in China and India are starving." Today I tell my girls, "Finish your homework. People in China and India are starving for your jobs."

Only 30 years ago, if you had a choice of being born a B student in Boston or a genius in Bangalore or Beijing, you probably would have chosen Boston, because a genius in Beijing or Bangalore could not really take advantage of his or her talent. They could not plug and play globally. [...] when the world goes flat, we are connecting all the knowledge pools in the world together. Suddenly, that person in Bangalore or Beijing or Romania can now plug and play.

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/31/05 20:30:36 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 21854 x. ]

world press photo

*world press photo

2005年の世界報道写真展(world press photo)を見に行きました。毎年行っているんです。world press photo of the yearはtimeの表紙にも使われた写真でした。

1. この写真にはドラマがあります。そして、ベトナム以降の報道写真では、事実をセンセーショナルに伝えるだけではなく、そこにドラマがなければこういった賞を取るのが難しくなっています。子供か家族をなくした母親、衣装を纏って悲しんでいて、その悲しみを打ち付ける先は褐色の大地。

2. この写真はアングルが優れています。彼女をほぼ真上から採っているにもかかわらず、太陽は女性の右側から射していて、カメラマンの影が見えません。すべてが洗われた大地の上に彼女がいて、死体と思われるものの一部が見えています。

こういって冷静に分析すると、私がその写真の本当の意味を把握していないのではないかと思われるかもしれません。友人にそういう風に言われました。死体を見すぎて慣れてしまったのではないかと。これに対する回答は難しいです。ただ理解が、難しくても、その意味に敬意を払っています。


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/31/05 20:18:28 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 17750 x. ]

assasination is cheaper than war, pat robertson

"You know, I don't know about this doctrine of assassination, but if he thinks we're trying to assassinate him, I think that we really ought to go ahead and do it. It's a whole lot cheaper than starting a war, and I don’t think any oil shipments will stop."

実際のところ、私はこの暗殺の理論に詳しくない。けれど、もし、彼が我々が彼を暗殺しようと考えているとしたら、思うに我々はそれを進め、実行しなければならない。それは戦争を始めるよりも余程安価で、それによって石油輸出が停止されるということもないだろう。

*pat robertson video from media matters

*pat robertson, wikipedia

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/31/05 20:14:48 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 17871 x. ]

敵対的買収防衛策の導入に際しての投資者保護上の留意事項について

*an important notice in introducing the takeover defense in terms of investor protection, tokyo stock exchange (april 21, 2005)

*敵対的買収防衛策の導入に際しての投資者保護上の留意事項について (東京証券取引所、05.4.21)


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/31/05 18:23:57 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 10 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 15696 x. ]

call them up, peter jennings

my favorite peter jennings' moment on september 11, 2001:

"We do not very often make recommendations for people's behavior from this chair, but as [ABC News correspondent] Lisa [Stark] was talking, I checked in with my children, and it--who were deeply stressed, as I think young people are across the United States. So, if you're a parent, you've got a kid"--he paused and got an awkward smile on his face--"in some other part of the country, call them up."

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/08/05 09:02:59 ] to [ crap ] - [ 4 comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 18072 x. ]

法制執務コラム集

*法制執務コラム集

衆議院法制局の職員によるコラム集。トピックや視点が面白いだけでなく、時に有益な情報もある。トピックによってはあまりに専門的で専門外には役に立たないものもあるかもしれないけれど、全体として楽しく読めた。

面白かったコラムとして以下の二つをあげる。

*立法の過誤

*条・項・号・号の細分

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/07/05 03:02:28 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16829 x. ]

chronology of a takeover battle, ft

jan 6, 2005 cnooc reported to be in talks to buy foreign oil assets

apr 4 chevron agrees to acquire unocal for about usd 16.4 bn

jun 10 chevron wins approval from us antitrust authorities

june 22 cnooc offers to buy unocal for usd 18.5 bn, or usd 67 a share

june 30 house of representatives votes to block bush administration
approving cnooc's bid

jul 1 cnooc asks government panel to review its proposal to acquire
unocal

jul 20 unocal endorses a sweetened usd 17 bn takeover offer from chevron

jul 25 congressional committee votes to delay government's reveiw of
cnooc's offer

aug 1 proxy services firm recommends approval of chevron bid

aug 2 cnooc wthdraws its offer, citing intense political pressure

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/05/05 06:25:32 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 15018 x. ]

taps from financial services agency

taps from financial services agency

*五味金融庁長官記者会見の概要 summary transcript of the press interview with commissioner gomi, july 25, 2005

*伊藤金融担当大臣閣議後記者会見の概要 summary transcript of the press interview with minister ito (in charge of finance), july 22, 2005

*伊藤金融担当大臣閣議後記者会見の概要 summary transcript of the press interview with minister ito (in charge of finance), july 19, 2005

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 08/01/05 07:37:17 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 15100 x. ]

the share bearing stock-purchase warrants

i reiterated that there is no such scheme as new company code grants the "share bearing stock purchase warrants" (especially, which such warrants will be transferred along with the transfer of the share itself). however, i recently noted that the discussion regarding this was made in the congress:

*会社法案審議(1)―「新株予約権付株式」とライツ・プラン(ポイズン・ピル)

in that discussion, the powers that be claimed that the new company code will provide the scheme which is capable of providing __substantially__ the same function as povided by the "share bearing stock-purchase warrants".

apparently, more review required.

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/29/05 14:05:15 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ 1 comment ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 1 week, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16153 x. ]

mcclellan's flop sweat

まずは、novak/plame gateでのkarl roveの役割に関するwhite house press secretary scot mcclellanとホワイトハウス詰め記者団との会見について、daily showから、mcclellan's flop sweatを。

次に会見のtranscriptをお楽しみ下さい。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/22/05 20:16:35 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 2 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17825 x. ]

in london, few clues but plenty of resolve

nprによるin london, few clues but plenty of resolve。これまでの進捗を確認するために。題名と「fatalities」という語の用法に感心しました。内容については心が痛むばかりです。

ストリーミング版のuriも示しておきます。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/17/05 09:45:40 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16441 x. ]

president george w. bush + prime minister tony blair

ちょっと古いビデオで恐縮ですが、president welcomes british prime minister blair to the white houseというビデオを見ました。いつまでakamiのリンクが有効なのか分からないのですが、直接データを見たい方はストリーミング版をどうぞ。

また、ダウンロードしたい人はダウンロード版をどうぞ。

でもって、何で、このビデオかというと、いつものことながら、george bushのアドリブは面白くない。しかし、tony blairのそれは違う。心からの感情を、理性に基づいて表現している。一国家の政治家のトップであれば、それくらいは当然なのかもしれないが、無能な首相を見続けてきた日本人として、彼は新鮮に映る。その新鮮さに打たれたから。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/15/05 23:16:16 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16139 x. ]

shareholders' rights plan in japan 1

some japanese companies adopted rights plan at the shareholders meeting convened in june [fn1].

fn1: most of the japanese companies' fisical year ends at the end of march. further, since the annual shareholders meeting should be convened within three months from the end of the fisical year (commercial code 224-3II), most of the japanese companies hold the shareholders meeting around 20-27 june each year.

the rights plan(s) adopted this year are very different from typical rights plan adoted in u.s. first of all, this difference stems from the fact that japanese companies are not capable of issuing the stock with stock-purchase warrants under japanese law.

among japanese listed companies, the companies which installed the rights plan at the time of last june shareholders meeting are limited only to six (6) as follows:

1. seino unyu (transportation)
2005年6月9日 当社の信託型ライツ・プランについてのQ&Aの公表 (releaes of q&a for the company's "trust" type rights plan)
2005年5月17日 信託型ライツ・プラン導入のための新株予約権の発行について (in re the issuance of stock-purchase warrants for installment of "trust" type rights plan)

2. pentax (electronics especially optical)

2005.05.23 [お知らせ] 信託型ライツプラン導入のための新株予約権の発行に関するお知らせ (notice of issuance of stock-purchase warrant for "trust" type rights plan)
新株予約権の詳細 (particulars of stock-purchase warrants)

3. itfor (system integration)

2005/07/05 「信託型ライツプラン」における新株予約権発行の追加に関するお知らせ (notice regarding the additional issuance of stock-purchase warrants under "trust" type rights plan)
2005/06/24 第三者割当による新株予約権発行に関するお知らせ(PDF:20.3KB) (notice of stock-purchase warrant issuance to third party)
2005/06/14 第三者委員会の委員選任に関するお知らせ(PDF:4.93KB) (notice of election for members of independent committee)
2005/05/24 「信託型ライツプラン」の導入について(PDF:39.7KB) (in re installment of "trust" type rights plan)

4. e-access (adsl)
2005/6/30 Notice on the details of issuance of Stock Option (Stock Acquisition Rights)(Language:Japanese)
2005年6月30日 ストックオプション(新株予約権)の割当及び払込金額の決定に関するお知らせ
2005年6月22日 eAccess Rights Plan、本日の株主総会で承認/本格的買収対応策として、上場企業で国内第一号
2005年6月20日 eAccess Rights Plan新株予約権割当対象株主の確定方法に関する見解
2005年5月12日 企業価値向上新株予約権(eAccess Rights Plan)の導入について[PDF:53.1KB] (in re installment of "stock-purchase warrant for advancing enterprise value" (eAccess Rights Plan))

5. woodone (material for construction)

新株予約権を活用した企業価値防衛策の導入に関するお知らせ(平成17年5月25日) (notice regarding the installment of defense measure to protect enterprise value by use of stock-purchase warrant)

6. cybird

2005/06/28 [お知らせ]よくあるご質問(IR)に「信託型ライツプランに関するweb Q&A」を追加しました (q&a for "trust" type rights plan)
2005/05/25 [リリース]信託型ライツプラン導入のための新株予約権の発行について (in re issuance of stock-purchase warrant for installment of "trust" type rights plan)

the details of the rights plan vary. however, you should note that all the rights plans installed are very different from the one in the united states. under japanese commercial code (which regulates the company), japanese company can not issue the stock with stock-purchase warrant and therefore japanese company somehow needed to tweak it.

most important difference between japanese company and delaware company is "concomitance" of the stock-purchase warrant.

the concomittance is the most important factor on the shareholders rights plan in japan to examine its scheme. as i wrote before, there is no such legal scheme that company issues the stock with stock-purchase warrants which, i unerstand, used in the shareholders rights plan in the united states.[fn1]

fn1: however, as i wrote before, authority claimed that the feature of "stock with warrants" will be realized under new japanese company act by use of "class" stock scheme. but this scheme would give rise to various matters in effect. can the company maintain the status as listed company if the company introduces the "stock with warrants" by use of "class stock"? what about the tax? how to calculate the interest of shareholders from this scheme?

the lawyers and experts somehow try to implement the so called "flip-in" type rights plan in japan, ten they devise several schemes. i will explain some of them as follows:

a. "pre-warning" type poison poill

1. the company (who desire to introduce the pill) issues the stock-purchase warrants (all of which have the condition that prohibits certain shareholders (namely --- who own(s) or owned (within certain past perioed -- for example, past three years) more than given percentage of the shares in the company) from exercising the rights to purchase the new share) but does not distribute them. the company also sets the rule that regulates the procedure of take over which company request the bidders to company with.
further, such warrants has the conditions that the person who exercises the warrants will have one or more shares by paying nominal money (for example, one japanese yen), and also such warrants has the limitation to transfer (for example, the condition that the transfer of warrants require the warrant-holder to obtain the approval of the board of the company).

2.standard. if the bidder complies with the rule set out in 1 above, the company and bidder discuss the terms and conditions of take-over. further, if the company recommends the offer by the bidder, the company redeems the pill or make the pill inert.

2.alternative. if the bidder does not comply with the rule set out in 1 above and acquires the certain percentage (set out in 1 above) of the company's share, the company will distribute the share-purchase warrants to its then-current shareholders.

3. such warrants do not have concommittance to the shares (therefore, if the share itself is sold to third party, the warrants remain in original shareholder. in other words, the warrants will not be transferred to third party along with the purchase and sale of share itself), and in economic perspective, the shareholders will have benefit to exercise the warrants (and in effect the shareholders might incur the possible loss if they will not exercise the warrants option).

4. if shareholders exercise the warrants, the company will issue new shares to such shareholders. please note that the bidder is not able to exercise the warrants and the bidder is not able to transfer the warrants to third party without obtaining the board of directors' approval.

5. in the end, the ratio of shareholding by the bidder will dramatically decrease.


b. "trust" type poison pill

1. the company (who desire to introduce the pill) issues the stock-purchase warrants and company trusts the trust bank with said warrants. such warrants has the conditions (a) that once the warrants are distributed to the shareholders, the transfer of the warrants will be subject to the board's approval, (b) that the shareholder who owns or owned within certain past period (for example, past three years) more than given percentage of the shares in the company is not able to exercise the rights to purchase the new share under warrants, (c) that if the shareholder exercises the rights to purchase new share, the shareholder obtains one or more shares by paying nominal money (e.g. one yen) and (d) that under the condition set out by the company, the board will redeem the warrants or make the warrants inert.

2. if the bidder successfully persuade the board of directors, the board makes the pill inert or redeems the pill. however, if the bidder obtains the shares more than given percentage set out in 1 above without redeeming the pill or making them inert, the trust bank distributes the warrants to the shareholders (including, bidders).

3. the shareholders will exercise the rights to purchase new share under warrants. please note that the bidder is not able to exercise the warrants and the bidder is not able to transfer the warrants to third party without obtaining the board of directors' approval.

4. the company will issue the shares to shareholders. in the end, the ratio of shareholding by the bidder will dramatically decrease.


*japan tax update, pricewaterhousecoopers

*faq by eaccess (the company who introduced the rights plan)

*news release by cybird (the company who introduced the rights plan)

*news release by seino (the company who introduced the rights plan

*news release by pentax (the company who introduced the rights plan

i bet that it's reasier for you to understand these schemes by reading these resources in english than to understand them by my floppy explanation.


*pre-warning type rights plan

*trust-type rights plan

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/13/05 08:55:34 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ 2 comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17367 x. ]

もし、paul krugmanが

もし、paul krugmanがo'conner最高裁判事の代わりの最高裁判事の任命に関するゴタゴタをコラムに書くとしたらどんな感じになるだろう。と、シャワーを浴びている時に考えた。以下は想像で全く何の根拠もない。妄想の産物である。

まずは、経済学と法学を比較するだろう。彼は経済学と物理学との違いを認めている。物理学でノーベル賞を取った人の業績を並べたら、そこに矛盾することは何もないだろう。自然科学の中でも物理学の業績というのは特に一貫している。だれだったか、前頭葉手術に関してノーベル医学賞を取った人の業績が誤りであったことはあるけれど、それ以外、物理学賞、化学賞、生理医学賞についていえば後で誰かが間違っていると言う風に物理学界、科学界、医学界で糾弾されることはないだろう。

翻って経済学は、様々な理論が氾濫している。社会主義もあれば、資本主義もあり、資本主義を修正しようとする流れもある。ケインズ経済学のような者もあれば、サプライサイドに注目するものもある。情報の非対称性について論じるものもあれば、新古典の「均衡」に基づく経済学もあれば、収穫逓増のモデルを経済に当てはめようとする動きもある。彼はそれの世界に生きていることを軽く笑い飛ばすだろう。

そして、続けるのである。法学は正義と秩序についての学問だろう。各州で弁護士試験をするし、彼らは正義の実現という共通目的のために働くはずだ。けれど、o'conner判事を巡るやりとりを見ていると、経済学者の自分には良く分からないが、法学というのもどうやら経済学と同様、相反する矛盾を容易に内包する学問であるようだ。我々は漠然と正義というものが存在していると信じたがっているし、最高裁判所の決定には敬意を払っている。細かいところでは納得できないことがあるにしても、おおむね受け入れることができる判決であると思っている。

経済学は政治によって操られることもあるが、市場の力が強大で、そっちに注目した方が有益なことが多い。法律はそうはいかない。最高裁判所の任命によって社会が変わる可能性がある。未だ見ぬ最高裁判事の傾向によって、正義の女神の歩む先、その秤の傾き、その剣の向けられる先が変わるかもしれない。

そんなことを考えて、nytのコラムページを見ていたら、こんな絵を見つけた。目隠しをされた女神(片手に天秤を持ってる)が盲導犬につれられて歩いている。と、よく見ると、盲導犬じゃなくて、ゾウだ。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/10/05 08:06:46 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years and 12 months old ] [ viewed: displayed 17524 x. ]

hardly a blawg? --- yes, it's admirable blawg.

"awake in the muddle"は、blogとしてもblawgとしても賞賛できる。

blogとしては特に作者の興味のある題材を時機を逸せずに論じ、読者に有益なリンクや情報を与えている。特に作者の考察は冷徹で創造性があり且つ公平である。更に、時に見せる現実の中にある理想をより集める姿勢が私に好感を与える。例えば、「グレニーグルス・サミットの閉幕」にあるblair首相についてのコメントなどである。

blawgとしては、日本の中にある情報に偏りがちな日本人のweblawgとしては珍しく、米国の最新論文に目を通してそれについて情報を要約して載せると謂うことを良くする。また、必要であれば20年前の米国の基本的な判例に遡るということもする。いずれも日本のweblawgを読んでは得られない示唆、情報及び刺激に満ちている。作者は判断のために必要な情報を集めているだけなのかもしれないが、きっと、個人的な知的好奇心が旺盛な方のだろうと拝察する。

ここの情報を元に、自分が幅を広げることができたのだと思っている。感謝したい。


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secret man, bob woodward

bob woodwardの新著the secret manが既に出版されてる。時間が経つのは早い。買っても読む時間ないだろうな。nprのインタビューよ聞くくらいの時間しか。

resources:

*the secret man, npr

*the secret man, amazon

*a conversation with senetor edward kennedy, npr

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/08/05 22:32:29 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 12 months, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16515 x. ]

judith miller's faith and reality

o'conner判事が辞表を大統領に送った。このニュースの情報は全米を駆けめぐったし、情報は沢山ある。ちょっとだけ、"pete williams's insightful guess, nbc"で触れた。けれど、この情報を伝えるだけの気力がない。様々な角度から分析することができるし、様々な(政治的、法律的、文化的)未来を予想することができる。届いたtimeのjustice o'connerについての記事を読む時間もない。

そうしている内に、ftがロンドンでの同時多発テロを伝え、他のメディアも追随している

けれど、まぁ、きっとそれは他の人もやるだろうから、情報を集めて載せるサイトを作成しているのだから、こっちの記事について書いた方が良いだろう。

new york timesのjudith millerが牢屋に向かった。new york timesの社説ではそれを誇らしいが馬鹿馬鹿しくもあると表現している。

judith millerでnews.google.comを引くと4000件の検索結果が出てくる。ジャーナリストは報道の自由を守るための自分たちの仕事を活用しているのだろう。「報道の自由を守るためには報道することだ」と言ったのは、pentagon papersでwashington postの記者がben bradleeに言ったし、judith millerの弁護をしているfloyd abramsがjon stewartに"[press] have to be strong, andas long as they are strong, the first amendment wil protect you."と言っている。

では、報道によって正義を為そうとするジャーナリストは最高裁まで争って(最高裁では審理されなかったが)出た判断にたてつくことができるのだろうか。(「大統領ですら、それに従わなければならないのに」という表現の仕方があり、timesの社説ではmiller女史が私人であり、大統領の様な公人とは立場が違うとしている)。中々答えが出ないのは、結論又はジャーナリストと雖も法律を超えることはできないのではないかという疑念がコモンセンスと乖離するだろう。

特に今回の経緯に鑑みると。

robert novakがなぜ、のほほんとしているのかについてはslateの"what about bob?"を参照。

resources:

*editorial - judith miller goes to jail, new york times, july 7 2005

*what about bob?, slate

*judge jails times reorter, cbsnews

*
in re: special counsel investigation, u.s. district court opinions

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/07/05 21:44:00 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 3 years, 12 months, and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 17261 x. ]

「商取引法・第四版」、江頭憲治郎

商取引法・第四版」は、商法総則・商行為を学ぶための標準的な教科書という訳ではないだろう。けれど、実務家にとって、この本を読むこと以上に効率よく商行為を学ぶこともまたできないだろう。

弘文堂の紹介に「平成14年以降の商法改正および特定商取引に関する法律の改正、電気通信事業法・商品取引所法・信託業法改正、モントリオール条約の発効などによる動きをすべて盛り込み、新判例も加えた最新版。」とあります。これらの中で、M&Aや敵対的買収に興味があるひとが注目すべきは、信託業法の改正の影響でしょうか。気になります。

主要目次

 1章 商人間の売買(国内・国際)
 2章 消費者売買(消費者契約/販売信用取引/特定商取引)
 3章 企業金融の特殊形態(荷為替信用状/ファイナンス・リース)
 4章 商品・サービスの流通に関与する諸営業(仲立人・民事仲立人/問屋・準問屋/代理商・特約店)
 5章 運送営業(箇品/貸切形態/旅客)
 6章 倉庫営業(倉庫寄託契約/倉荷証券)
 7章 電気通信事業(電話サービス/VANサービス)
 8章 保険業(損害/生命/傷害)
 9章 信託業

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/03/05 06:23:00 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16787 x. ]

pete williams's insightful guess, nbc

nbc's supreme court reporter mr pete williams' insightful guess regarding the resignation of justice o'coner and the possible resignation of chief justice rehnquist is as follows:

"let me just say one thing about a picking upon what you are talking about chief, whether or not chief is gonna step down.

[[you know,]] we don't know but i adventure this guess. you remember that sandra day o'coner and william rehnquist have known each other since law scool,

they actually dated once.

stanford laws chool, william rehnquist graduated no.1 in his law school class and sandra day o'coner was no.3 in the same class. as the thing goes, as they go way back.

he is the chief justice, and i think that --- i don't know this for a fact ---

but i would be very surprise if there was no phone call between justice o'coner and chief justice rehnquist in which she was inquring about what he would gonna do because she certainly would want to upstage him and go first and if she intended to do the same thing

so you know, this is sheer speculation on my part but i adventure a guess that, it's very possible that chief justice simply hasn't decided what he is going to do."

===========

mr williams is very passionate for conveying this news and it gives me very good impression.




posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/02/05 05:36:20 ] to [ news - media ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 3 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 15960 x. ]

rumsfeld's wit

in a senate hering on the iraq war about the "series of gross errors and mistakes" made on rumsfeld's term.

senetor edward kennedy: "in baseball, it's three strikes, you're out. what is it for the secretary of defense?"

donald rumsfeld: "senator, i've offered my resignation to the president twice, and he has decided that he would prefer that he not accept it, and that's his call."

====

very witty. the word "call" is used for two meanings --- one means decision by the president and one means the "call" by umpire. i really hope that he would be so witty that he could avoid the mess in a country in the middle east.

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 07/01/05 04:44:15 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 4 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16058 x. ]

llc in japan

if you were interested in japanese new corporation structure --- limited liability company (“llc”; godo kaisha), i am sure that you are also interested in whether such llc would be pass through entity or not.

i should say, unfortunately, the ministry of finance is unlikely to grant such pass through privilege. therefore, in principle, japanese llc would pay income tax like as other business entities.

these tax-related provisions are not stipulated in the company code itself. it is decided by the ministry of finance separately.
posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/30/05 06:00:00 ] to [ crap ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 5 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 19038 x. ]

『独禁法講義 第3版』、白石忠志

独禁法講義 第3版』、白石忠志

私が学生の頃の独占禁止法の定番教科書といえば、村上政博の『独占禁止法』だったのだが、数年と絶たないうちに学校の授業でこの独禁法講義を使う機会が増えたのではないかと推測する。内容も、exhaustiveで浩瀚な書籍という感じではなく、基本的なポイントを考え方も含めて伝えるということに徹されていて、読みやすく、理解しやすい。

17年改正に伴って改定された第3版。独占禁止法は法文自体もそうですし、不公正な取引方法も冗長なのは理解できても、どこがどう冗長なのかを(私のような門外漢は)判断できないです。そこで、この本は、法律の趣旨から判断枠組みを構築し、不分明な条文の理解を助けてくれます。

独禁法講義 第3版』、白石忠志

目次
 プロローグ
 第1章 本書の対象と構成
第1部 独禁法の違反要件
 第2章 違反要件序論
 第3章 弊害要件総論
 第4章 各違反類型
 第5章 例外的な違反類型
 第6章 適用除外
 第7章 違反要件の諸問題
第2部 独禁法のエンフォースメント
 第8章 エンフォースメント序論
 第9章 公正取引委員会
 第10章 刑 罰
 第11章 民事訴訟
第3部 さらに広い視野から
 第12章 独禁法と競争政策
 エピローグ

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/29/05 05:55:00 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 6 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16381 x. ]

journalist's pledge to unnamed sources

法律家だったら「journalist's confidentiality obligation to anonymous souce」と書きたいところなのだが、新聞風に短めの言葉を選んでみました。でもって、ちょっと眠たいのですが、月曜日の連邦最高裁判所の判決を前にして眠ったらblogをやっている意味がないと思って書いています。

月曜日の最高裁判決または決定のうち、興味があるのは以下の二つですが、特に興味のあるのは審理されなかったジャーナリストの秘密保持の権利についてです。

1. 旧約聖書にある「十戒」のテキサス州の州議会の敷地への設置は合憲(Van Orden v. Perry)、ケンタッキー州の裁判所内への設置は違憲(McCreary County v. American Civil Liberties Union of Ky.)。

2. ファイルシェア(特にスター型のサーバー・クライアント形式ではなくて、peer 2 peer型のネットワークを用いた)を可能とするソフトウェアを販売する会社が著作権法上の責任を負う。(Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.)

経緯は以下の通り。

a. jury 6, 2003: new york timesop-edコラムにjoseph c. wilson ivが「イラクにはおそらくウランは存在しないだろう」と書く。

b. july 14, 2003: 保守のrobert novakがwilsonの妻であるvalerie plameがciaの捜査員であることを公表する。

c. c.i.a.の求めに応じて、司法省が捜査を開始。

d. october 2004: d.c.連邦地裁のhogan判事がnew york timesのms judith miller及びtimeのmr matthew cooperに対して法廷侮辱罪を適用。

e. february 2005: 連邦控訴裁判所がhogan判事の決定を支持。

f. may 2005: 34の州及びコロンビア地区の司法長官が最高裁判所に対して、本件を取り上げるようにbriefを申請。

g. june 27, 2005最高裁判所が本件を審理しないことを決定。

結局の所、考え方としては以下の通りとなる。

i. 言論の自由やそれに関連するジャーナリストの権利は絶対なのか。絶対ではない。ジャーナリストの権利とはいえ、法律違反は許されない。ワイオミングを除く、全ての州にはジャーナリストに対してprivilegeを認める法律があるが、連邦法として同種の権利が認められていない(今の共和党が支配する連邦議会で、このような法律が作られることもなさそう)。

ii. ciaの捜査員の名前を公表することは法律に違反している。では、ジャーナリストによる法律違反を許容するほどの公益が存在したか。していない。

iii. ジャーナリストは法律違反をした者(ジャーナリストに情報を漏洩した者)を明らかにしなければならない。

いつもジャーナリストが勝つべきだとは思わない。けれど、経緯を鑑みると皮肉なことだ。new york timesの声明はいささかの驚きも見て取れる。次号のtimeのeditorialはどんな風になるだろう。


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/28/05 09:03:07 ] to [ news ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 1 week old ] [ viewed: displayed 17209 x. ]

the guideline of the take-over defense

ministry of justice; and
ministry of economy, trade and industry
published as of may 27, 2005

"the guideline of the take-over defense for securing and advancing the enterpise value and the common benefit of the shareholders"

this is not legally-binding and this guideline does not necessarily mean that ministry of justice and ministry of economy, trade and industry will deny take over defense that does not comply with this guideline. however, the influence of this guideline would be enormous. if you are the person in charge of introducing the take-over defense, you should read this and had better to design your take-over defense scheme to be compliant with the guideline. for your information, this translation is __unofficial__ and __not certified__.

principle i: securing and advancing enterprise value and the common benefit of the shareholders

installment, invocation and abolishment of the take-over defense must have the purpose of securing and advancing the enterprise value and the common benefit of the shareholders.

principle ii: deisclusre in advance and the will of the shareholders

the purpose and ocntents __etc__ of the measure agaisnt take-over must be disclosed at the time of installment thereof __and__ shall be based on the reasonable will of the shareholders.

principle iii: necessity and reasonableness

the measure against take-over shall be limited to the necessity and reasonableness for the purpose of preventing the take-over. (note by chiharu: this principle is based on the unocal decision: "[defensive measure] must be reasonable in relation to the threat posed".)

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/28/05 08:26:00 ] to [ legal - take-over ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years and 1 week old ] [ viewed: displayed 15424 x. ]

最高の読み物としての「自分のために」

好きな文筆家を3人挙げろと言われたらカミュ、トルストイ、ルソーになるだろう。好きな小説を三つ挙げろと言われたら「ペスト」(カミュ)、「草枕」(漱石)、「賢者のおくりもの」(オー・ヘンリー)あたりが最初に思いつくだろう。最高の読み物とは何だろう。

真っ先に思いつくのは「戦争と平和・1」、「戦争と平和・2」、「戦争と平和・3」、「戦争と平和・4」だ。抽象的な作品と思わせるような題名をつけておきながら、中には現実的な小世界の中で人々が争う。「罪と罰・上」、「罪と罰・中」、「罪と罰・下」も道徳の根幹について、涙について、善について、考える良い材料を与えてくれる。

けれど、私は掲題の書籍を挙げたい。私はこの本の一ページ一ページに線を引き、その全てを暗記しようと試みて失敗している。マルクス・アウレリウスによる「自省録」である。世界最良の小説が「戦争と平和」だとすれば、これは世界最良の文章の集合体だろう。

posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/27/05 11:34:00 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years, 1 week, and 1 day old ] [ viewed: displayed 16152 x. ]

村上春樹及び村上龍

村上春樹はオリジナリティに満ちていた。少なくとも僕は高校生の頃まではそう信じていた。高校の現代国語の先生に、村上春樹と村上龍のどちらが優れているかを聞いたりもした。彼の回答は「村上春樹」だったけれど、僕はその意味を完全に理解したとは言い難かった。

今でも、僕は村上春樹の価値と意味を計りかねる。村上龍の判断はもっと分かりやすいものになるだろう。デビュー作の「限りなく透明に近いブルー」の革新、清明。「海の向こうで戦争が始まる」がデビュー作の姉妹編の域を出ない中での「コインロッカー・ベイビーズ・上」及び「コインロッカー・ベイビーズ・下」で見せた天才。

それ以降の村上龍は天才を再発明しようとしているだけだろう。表現力に磨きがかかった。現実を深く理解するようになった。けれど、本質は変わっていない。最近の言い方をすれば、彼の成長は演繹的な者だった。創発的なものではない。

村上春樹はどうだろう。彼の場合、天才はもっと長続きしただろう。心揺さぶられた「風の歌を聴け」、その姉妹編の域を出ない「1973年のピンボール」。彼のアイデンティティが小説として完成した「羊をめぐる冒険・上」及び「羊をめぐる冒険・下」。個人的には「ダンス・ダンス・ダンス・上」及び「ダンス・ダンス・ダンス・下」を愛でているし、「ノルウェイの森・上」及び「ノルウェイの森・下」は中学生から20歳になるまで何度も何度も読み返した。けれど、最近の彼の著作は私たちの魂を揺さぶる、かつての煌めき、心臓を握られたような天才を見つけるのが難しくなっている。

彼の成長は文芸誌で詳細に述べられているところ、屋上屋を架すのは愚かかもしれないが、私の場合、それを痛々しいほどに感じたのは「レキシントンの幽霊」を読んだ時からだ。このときから、彼は小説を超えた社会へのコミットを始めた。「ねじまき鳥クロニクル・上」、「ねじまき鳥クロニクル・中」及び「ねじまき鳥クロニクル・下」では、まだ、その主張は登場人物が発する思想であり、著者である村上春樹がそれを推奨しているという訳ではなかった。

名前すらなかった主人公が名前を持ったことが私にとって衝撃だったように、また、小説として社会に対してコミットすることは、村上春樹の存在意義、築き上げて来たアイデンティティに鑑みて、私に深い印象を与えた。彼は29歳で社会に対して冷淡だったのに、50を超えて、社会性を身につけた、ということなのだろうか。

以降の著作は「アンダーグラウンド」に代表されるように、明確なメッセージを伝えないにしても、社会に対してコミットする内容となった。

私は社会にコミットする小説を全て批判している訳ではない。カミュの「ペスト」は大学生の頃に読んで以来、未だに私の好きな小説の第一位に君臨しているし、19歳で読んだ「罪と罰・上」、「罪と罰・中」、「罪と罰・下」も確かにメッセージをもっている。メッセージを持たない小説は、「小説としての価値が低い」とすら思えることだってある。

それにもかかわらず、私が村上春樹に抱く、この感情は何だろう。彼が描く「僕」は私が16歳の頃のあこがれだった。私は「僕」になりたかった。それは17歳になっても変わらなかったし、18歳になっても変わらなかった。19歳になって大学のキャンパスの側の喫茶店で煙草を吸っていた頃にも、やはり「僕」は私の中で特別な存在だった。

村上春樹に起こったどんな変化が私の感情を惹起したのだろう。---もしかしたら、彼が「僕」を失ってしまったのかもしれない。

=============

村上春樹代表作

*風の歌を聴け++++

*1973年のピンボール++

*羊をめぐる冒険・上羊をめぐる冒険・下+++

*ダンス・ダンス・ダンス・上ダンス・ダンス・ダンス・下++++

*ノルウェイの森・上ノルウェイの森・下+++

*世界の終わりとハードボイルドワンダーランド・上世界の終わりとハードボイルドワンダーランド・下+++

*ねじまき鳥クロニクル・上ねじまき鳥クロニクル・中ねじまき鳥クロニクル・下++

*レキシントンの幽霊

*アンダーグラウンド

*海辺のカフカ・上海辺のカフカ・下++

=============

村上龍代表作

*限りなく透明に近いブルー++++

*海の向こうで戦争が始まる+

*コインロッカー・ベイビーズ・上コインロッカー・ベイビーズ・下+++++

*愛と幻想のファシズム・上愛と幻想のファシズム・下++++

*五分後の世界++++


posted by [ chiharu ] at [ 06/26/05 11:10:00 ] to [ arts - book ] - [ no comments ] - post diffusion: [ <%TrackBack(count)%> trackback ] [ itemage: 4 years, 1 week, and 2 days old ] [ viewed: displayed 16889 x. ]

dnc speech by barack obama on june 27, 2004

現在、アフリカ系アメリカ人で唯一上院に議席を持つbarack obamaが上院議員選挙の前にdemocratic national conventionで基調演説を行った。その演説の日本語訳。彼はめでたくイリノイ州から立候補して、当選した。演説のビデオを捜していたら、ビデオだけでなく、mp3も見つけた。是非。

追記:バラック・オバマ(バラク・オバマ)が2008年の大統領選挙を目指して民主党の予備選に出馬することが明らかになりました。日本でもバラクやオバマで今後検索が増えることと思いますが、barack obamaと書いていたからか一向にgoogleからここのページにたどり着く人がいません。ので、この追記でもってアクセス数が増えることを期待します。ここに訳出したのは2004年の民主党全国大会での基調演説です。ほぼ無名だった彼の名前が一躍全国に知れ渡った瞬間でした。何故彼の名前が知れ渡ったのかは演説を聴けば分かるのですが、その演説の内容と彼のdeliveryが素晴らしかったからです。彼の出自から始まり、分断しているアメリカ(divided states of america)をunited states of americaにする彼の強い意志が表明されています。彼のwriterが優秀だという可能性は極めて高いのですが、これを初めて聞いたときに、その中身を彼自身が推敲していないはずがないと思えました。それは彼が演説を読んでいるのではなく、彼が考えている事をその場で表明しているように聞こえたからです。保守的なアメリカ人が多数を占める中、彼が大統領になるという風には思えないのですが、近年の民主党の考え方をこれほど上手に表現した演説もないと思えるので、御覧になって頂ければと思います。

Tuesday, July 27, 2004; 11:09 PM

Candidate for U.S. Senate in Illinois, Barack Obama, delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in Boston Tuesday night. Here is a transcript of his remarks.

OBAMA: Thank you so much. Thank you.

どうもありがとう。

(APPLAUSE)

Thank you. Thank you so much. Thank you so much.

ありがとう。どうもありがとう。ありがとう。

(APPLAUSE)

Thank you, Dick Durbin. You make us all proud.

ありがとう。ディック・ダーバン、あなたは我々みんなを誇らしくしてくれました。

On behalf of the great state of Illinois...

偉大なるイリノイ州、国家の交差点、リンカーンの土地に代わって、

(APPLAUSE)

... crossroads of a nation, land of Lincoln, let me express my deep gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely.

この集会で演説をさせていただく特権について、私の深い感謝を伝えさせてください。今夜は私にとってとても特別な名誉です、なぜなら、正直に言わせてください、私がこのステージにたっていることはとてもめずらしいことなのです。

My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin- roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant to the British.

私の父は外国の学生でした。ケニヤの小さな村で生まれ、育ちました。彼は羊を飼いながら育ち、脆弱な屋根の掘っ立て小屋の学校に通いました。彼の父、私の祖父は、イギリス人に使える現地の召使いである料理人でした。

OBAMA: But my grandfather had larger dreams for his son. Through hard work and perseverance my father got a scholarship to study in a magical place, America, that's shown as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to so many who had come before him.

しかし、私の父は彼の子供の為に大きな夢を持っていました。大変な仕事と忍耐を持って、私の父は魔法の場所、アメリカで学ぶ奨学金を手に入れたのです。それは彼の前に至る多くの人たちと同様、自由と機会への篝火でした。

(APPLAUSE)

While studying here my father met my mother. She was born in a town on the other side of the world, in Kansas.

父はここで学んでいる間に私の母に出会いました。彼女は世界の反対側、カンザスで生まれました。

(APPLAUSE)

Her father worked on oil rigs and farms through most of the Depression. The day after Pearl Harbor, my grandfather signed up for duty, joined Patton's army, marched across Europe. Back home my grandmother raised a baby and went to work on a bomber assembly line. After the war, they studied on the GI Bill, bought a house through FHA and later moved west, all the way to Hawaii, in search of opportunity.

大恐慌時代の殆どを彼女の父親は石油採掘場と農場で働いていました。パールハーバーの後には、彼の父親は兵隊を志願し、パットン軍に参加してヨーロッパを進軍しました。家では、私の祖母が子供を育てながら、爆弾を組み立てる作業をして働いていました。戦争が終わり、復員軍人援護法のおかげで彼らは学び、連邦住宅公団を通じて家を手に入れ、機会を探しに西、はるばるハワイに向かいました。

(APPLAUSE)

And they too had big dreams for their daughter, a common dream born of two continents.

彼らは彼らの娘により大きな夢を抱いていました。共通の夢が二つの大陸で生まれたのです。

OBAMA: My parents shared not only an improbable love; they shared an abiding faith in the possibilities of this nation. They would give me an African name, Barack, or "blessed," believing that in a tolerant America, your name is no barrier to success.

私の両親はありそうもない愛を共有していただけではありません。この国の可能性について、いつまでも変わらない信念を持っていました。寛容なアメリカを信じて、彼らは私にアフリカの名前、「Barack」または「祝福」を与えました。この(変な)名前は成功の何の瑕瑾にもなりませんでした。

(APPLAUSE)

They imagined me going to the best schools in the land, even though they weren't rich, because in a generous America you don't have to be rich to achieve your potential.

彼らは私が国で一番の学校に行くことを想像していました。彼らは裕福でもありませんでしたが。なぜなら、寛大なアメリカではあなた方は自分の可能性を発揮するために、裕福である必要がないからです。

(APPLAUSE)

They're both passed away now. And yet I know that, on this night, they look down on me with great pride.

彼らは両方ともすでに居なくなっています。しかし、私は知っています。今夜、彼らは私のことを大いなる誇りを持って見下ろしてくれています。

And I stand here today grateful for the diversity of my heritage, aware that my parents' dreams live on in my two precious daughters.

そして、私は今日私が継いだ多様性に感謝しています、また、私は私の両親の夢が私の大切な二人の娘の中に生きていることに気づいています。

I stand here knowing that my story is part of the larger American story, that I owe a debt to all of those who came before me, and that in no other country on Earth is my story even possible.

私は、私の経歴が大きなアメリカの中の経歴を構成していることに気づき、私が私の前を歩んだ多くの人に負っていることに気づき、また、地球のほかの国では私の経歴が不可能だったことを気づきながら、ここにたっています。

(APPLAUSE)

OBAMA: Tonight, we gather to affirm the greatness of our nation not because of the height of our skyscrapers, or the power of our military, or the size of our economy; our pride is based on a very simple premise, summed up in a declaration made over two hundred years ago: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal...

今夜、我々は私たちの国の偉大さを確認するために集まっています。我々の摩天楼の高さではなく、軍隊の強さでもなく、我々の経済の大きさでもなく、我々の誇りはとても簡単な根拠に基づいています。200年前に作られた独立宣言に要約されています。「我々はこれらの真実が自明のものであると信じている。全ての人間は平等に作られ、、、

(APPLAUSE)

... that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

彼らは創造主によって奪うことのできない固有の権利、生命、自由、幸福追求の権利などを有している。」

That is the true genius of America, a faith...

これがアメリカの本当の特質なのです。

(APPLAUSE)

... a faith in simple dreams, an insistence on small miracles; that we can tuck in our children at night and know that they are fed and clothed and safe from harm; that we can say what we think, write what we think, without hearing a sudden knock on the door; that we can have an idea and start our own business without paying a bribe; that we can participate in the political process without fear of retribution; and that our votes will be counted -- or at least, most of the time.

小さな夢にある信仰、小さな奇跡にこだわること、(1)これら我々をして夜中に我々の子供を心地よいベッドで眠らせようとすること、(2)子供たちがちゃんと食べ、着るものを来て、害から守られていること、(3)突然ドアを叩かれる音を聞くことなく、我々が考えたことをいえて、考えたことをかけること、(4)賄賂を送ることなく事業を立ち上げることができること、(5)報復を恐れず政治に参加することができること、そして(6)我々の投票数えられること-------少なくとも大抵の場合には。

(APPLAUSE)

This year, in this election, we are called to reaffirm our values and our commitments, to hold them against a hard reality and see how we are measuring up, to the legacy of our forbearers and the promise of future generations.

今年は、今回の選挙は、我々は我々の価値観、我々の約束を確認することを求められています。強固な現実に対してそれらを支えなければならず、我々はどうすれば過去の遺産と次世代の約束に達することができるかを配慮しなければなりません。

OBAMA: And fellow Americans, Democrats, Republicans, independents, I say to you, tonight, we have more work to do...

そして、親愛なるアメリカの皆さん、民主党員、共和党員、独立派の方々、あなた方に今夜、我々はやることが多くあると言わねばなりません。

(APPLAUSE)

... more work to do, for the workers I met in Galesburg, Illinois, who are losing their union jobs at the Maytag plant that's moving to Mexico, and now they're having to compete with their own children for jobs that pay 7 bucks an hour; more to do for the father I met who was losing his job and chocking back the tears wondering how he would pay $4,500 a months for the drugs his son needs without the health benefits that he counted on; more to do for the young woman in East St. Louis, and thousands more like her who have the grades, have the drive, have the will, but doesn't have the money to go to college.

イリノイのゲールスバーグで出会った労働者たちは、メイタグ工場での彼らの労働を失ってメキシコに移動しました。彼らは今、一時間に7ドルの仕事の為に彼らの子供たちと争わなければなりません。やることがたくさんあります。私があったある父親は彼の職を失い、当てにする健康保険もないままに月に4500ドルもの薬を必要とすることに涙をあふれさせていました。やることがたくさんあります。東セントルイスの女性は、ほかの数千の学位を持つ人と同様、やる気も意志もあるのに、大学に通うお金だけありません。

Now, don't get me wrong, the people I meet in small towns and big cities and diners and office parks, they don't expect government to solves all of their problems. They know they have to work hard to get a head. And they want to.

勘違いしないでください。私が食堂やオフィス街で会った小さな街、大きな街の人々は、政府が全ての問題を解いてくれると思っていたわけではありません。彼らは前進するために働かなければならないことを知っていました。そして、彼らはそうしたいのです。

Go into the collar counties around Chicago, and people will tell you: They don't want their tax money wasted by a welfare agency or by the Pentagon.

シカゴの郊外では人々は言っていました。彼らは税金が福祉当局や国防総省に無駄に使われたくないと望んでいました。

(APPLAUSE)

Go into any inner-city neighborhood, and folks will tell you that government alone can't teach kids to learn.

都市では、人々は政府は子供たちを教えてくれないと言うでしょう。

OBAMA: They know that parents have to teach, that children can't achieve unless we raise their expectations and turn off the television sets and eradicate the slander that says a black youth with a book is acting white. They know those things.

彼らは両親が教えなければならないことを知っています。子供たちは我々が期待し、テレビを消して、黒人が本を持っているのは白人のようだという中傷を撲滅しなければならないのだと知っています。彼らはそういったことを知って居るんです。

(APPLAUSE)

People don't expect -- people don't expect government to solve all their problems. But they sense, deep in their bones, that with just a slight change in priorities, we can make sure that every child in America has a decent shot at life and that the doors of opportunity remain open to all. They know we can do better. And they want that choice.

人々は、政府が彼らの全ての問題を解決すると期待しては居ないでしょう。しかし、彼らは、骨の髄から、小さな変化が必要だと感じているのです。我々はアメリカの全ての子供たちが人生において真っ当な機会を持っていることを確認し、機会のドアが全ての人に開かれていることを確認できます。彼らは我々がよくできることを知っています。そして、彼らはその選択を求めています。

In this election, we offer that choice. Our party has chosen a man to lead us who embodies the best this country has to offer. And that man is John Kerry.

今回の選挙では、我々はその選択を提供します。私たちの党はこの国が提供できる最上を現す我々を導く者を選びました。そして、その男はジョン・ケリーです。

(APPLAUSE)

John Kerry understands the ideals of community, faith and service because they've defined his life. From his heroic service to Vietnam to his years as prosecutor and lieutenant governor, through two decades in the United States Senate, he has devoted himself to this country. Again and again, we've seen him make tough choices when easier ones were available. His values and his record affirm what is best in us.

ジョン・ケリーは共同体、信仰それに奉仕の理想を理解しています。なぜなら、それらが彼の人生を定義づけてきたからです。彼の英雄的なベトナムでの従軍、検察官、副知事としての歳月、そして20年にわたる上院議員、彼は彼自身をこの国に捧げてきました。何度も、我々は彼が、安易な選択を排して、困難な選択をする様を目にしてきました。彼の価値観、彼の記録は、我々にとって何が最上かを確信させます。

John Kerry believes in an America where hard work is rewarded. So instead of offering tax breaks to companies shipping jobs overseas, he offers them to companies creating jobs here at home.

ジョン・ケリーは一生懸命働くことで報われるアメリカを信じています。海外に職を持ち去ってしまう企業に減税の恩恵を与える代わりに、彼はここで職を作ることを申し出ます。

(APPLAUSE)

OBAMA: John Kerry believes in an America where all Americans can afford the same health coverage our politicians in Washington have for themselves.

ジョン・ケリーはアメリカ人全てがワシントンの政治家が持っているのと同じ健康保障を受けられるアメリカを信じています。

(APPLAUSE)

John Kerry believes in energy independence, so we aren't held hostage to the profits of oil companies or the sabotage of foreign oil fields.

ジョン・ケリーは資源の独立を信じていて、我々は石油会社の利益を人質に取ったり、海外の油田を破壊したりしません。

(APPLAUSE)

John Kerry believes in the constitutional freedoms that have made our country the envy of the world, and he will never sacrifice our basic liberties nor use faith as a wedge to divide us.

ジョン・ケリーはアメリカを世界でもっともうらやましがられる国とする憲法に定める自由を信じています。そして、彼は絶対に我々の基本的な自由を犠牲とし、信仰を我々を分断する楔として使うことはないでしょう。

(APPLAUSE)